The Human Rights Of Water And Investment Law - 962 Words

Given these difficulties, it is understandable why previous tribunals in have been reluctant to analyse the relationship between the human rights to water and investment law as a normative conflict, and have instead insisted that the obligations under each norm were not mutually exclusive. However, it is possible for a human rights norm to prevail, as shown by the tribunals in SPP and Chemtura. The respondent government in water grab case should argue BITs should not be interpreted so that a government is made to ignore its human rights obligations once it has entered into a concession with a foreign investor, and as there is no alternative but to reallocate water rights following a water grab, the investment protection norm and right to water are contradictory, and one must prevail. 4.2.2 Interpretation tool Professor Vià ±uales classifies the second approach of tribunals applying human rights law as ‘a tool of interpretation.’ Another way a respondent can argue for the consideration of a human rights norm would be by interpreting investment norms in a way that excludes from the scope of their breach measures aimed at upholding human rights. Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties holds that tribunals must interpret treaty obligations in light of relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties. The tribunal must situate the rules that are being invoked by those concerned in the context of other rules thatShow MoreRelatedThe State Of Emergency958 Words   |  4 PagesIt would be important for the government to underline that it had not contributed to the state of emergency. In the case of a contract that gives unrestricted access to water, or a permit that allows the extraction of water to such a level that amounts to a water grab, it could be argued by the claimant that the government contributed to the emergency. Indeed, the case of Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project demonstrates the difficulty of proving that the state did not contribute to the emergency, when theRead MoreWater Is The Most Important Natural Source1255 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Introduction Water is the most important natural source. There has been activism all over the world to attain governed pricing mechanisms and market transactions due to its mobility and centrality to sustenance of human life. The physical, conceptual, and social plasticity aspects of water as a resource create uncertainty with regard to handling and thus posing critical questions in response to use and management. In the last three-four decades, world’s economic institutions such as World BankRead MoreViolating Its Investment Treaty Obligations942 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to satisfy the necessity requirements, the responding government must demonstrate that violating its investment treaty obligations â€Å"is the only way for the State to safeguard an essential interest against a grave and imminent peril.† Moreover, the breach must not â€Å"seriously impair an essential interest of the State towards which the obligations exists†. In LGE, the tribunal determined that â€Å"economic, financial or those interests related to the protection of the State against any dangerRead MoreThe Clean Power Of The Dominican Republic1524 Words   |  7 PagesThey also plan to build a school to help with overcrowding and to promote corporate social responsibility with the locals. Furthermore, as part of the sales agreement, the seller, Teltac Corporation, has agreed to put in roads , septic systems, and water lines. Teltac, has also informed Clean Power that there should be no problems running these sewer lines directly into the river as the Chavon River is clean and large and can absorb the waste. People in the new community feel that this is cause forRead MoreWater Is The Most Important Natural Source955 Words   |  4 PagesWater is the most important natural source. There has been activism all over the world to attain governed pricing mechanisms and market transactions due to its mobility and centrality to sustenance of human life. 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By creating a balance between investor responsibility and social responsibility will prove profitable for the corporations andRead MoreA Brief Note On The 21st Century Wars Will Be Fought Over Water Resources1430 Words   |  6 Pageswill be fought over water resources not oil. First, it will analyse the substantial causes of water scarcity as a result of man-made causes, the impact of climate change and the consequences of water misman agement, and evaluate international water law. Then it will evaluate triggers to stress disputes into water war. Finally, this essay will offer concluding thoughts and suggestions for further research. First and foremost; the main causes of water scarcity are made by humans. It will consider factorsRead MoreThe Environmental Quality Act Of California State Laws And Public Policy Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagescould the law and public policy be used to minimize the negative impact(s) of Sample Drought Executive Order 2016? Explain, giving one example of a type of law or public policy. Ans 1. The Drought Executive Order 2016 could have negative impact on the people and the economy. Exemption of agriculturists from order may create a situation of stress between the urban residents and the people in agriculture. The Order can also decline the credibility and the effectiveness of California State Laws. To minimizeRead MoreOpenness And Foreign Direct Investment1446 Words   |  6 PagesOpenness to foreign direct investment. According to The World Bank (n.d.), â€Å"Foreign direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy.† In 2014, the flows of FDI into Qatar reached more than USD 1,040 million See Fig. 1 (â€Å"Qatar Foreign Investment,† 2016). Qatar is exceptionally open to FDI, as its objective is to become a world-classRead MoreOrganizational Implications Of Virtual Teams780 Wor ds   |  4 Pagesteam will have the person form different departments to support those functions. Individual team members can have dual reporting to functional or project manager. Human resource Policies: Organizations has to be changes their rules and policies according to the virtual team environment. Organizations should institutionalized effective human resource policies to support virtual teams. Training and development: Organization need to design special training sessions for virtual team members to operate

Connection Essay - 3268 Words

Daniel O’Brien Connections Essay 2013 A.S. 3.7 ‘Making Connections Across Texts’ Daniel O’Brien ‘Connections Across Texts’ For my connections essay I will be connecting ideas across four texts. The four texts, a mix of self-selected and studied in class, are ‘The Grapes of Wrath’ written by John Steinbeck, ‘Sad Joke on a Marae’ written by Apirana Taylor, ‘Once Were Warriors’ directed by Lee Tamahori and ‘Australia’ directed by Baz Luhrman. I will be linking two ideas throughout my essay. My first connection statement is ‘The loss of Culture and Homeland causes a change in character’ and the second is ‘People in the margins of society are sometimes able to beat the odds when their backs are against the wall. Set†¦show more content†¦He is communicating with the Maori spirits Rewi and Te Rauparaha. He begins by shouting the only Maori words that he knows, â€Å"Tihei Mauriora†. He then goes on to say; â€Å"My name is Tu the freezing worker Ngati D.B. is my tribe, The pub is my marae, My fist is my taiaha, Jail is my home.† This shows that the loss of culture experienced by Tu during his life has caused him to lose his way, and he has come back to his roots to try and fix things. Unfortunately in today’s society culture seems to back a back seat on the scale of importance. Because of this sad face the reality of this poem is true for to many New Zealand people. For Tu, he may never have known much of his true heritage; either by fault of his own or of his upbringing, but the result remains the same. He relies on alcohol, violence and jail as his family, his friends, his sanctuary and choice of weapon (taiaha). This agrees with the statement that ‘The loss of culture and homeland causes a change in character’ as he now lives by the idea that alcohol and the pub is his life, rather than the traditional Maori pride and mana we used to see throughout society in New Zealand. This connects with the idea portrayed in the visual text ‘Once Were Warriors’ directed by Lee Tamahori . In this film, the person who undergoes a change in character due to loss of culture and heritage isShow MoreRelatedMathematical Connection Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesMathematical Connection Mathematics has had an incredible impact on technology as we know it today. Understanding this impact aids in understanding the history of how technology has developed so thoroughly and what significant events happened to facilitate such an advanced society. 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The Garden of Eden

Question: Write a Biblical Exegesis on The Garden of Eden? Answer: Introduction According to the outlook of Schachter (2013), the Genesis (3:1-13) The Garden of Eden deals with The Fall and Banishment from the Garden of Eden of both Adam and Eve. Initially, when Lord created Garden of Edens, then everything was good and perfect. At that time there were no troubles, religion and politics and Lord used to take care of everything. So, Lord thought of creating man and woman and therefore Adam and Eve were the first man and woman created on the Earth. As per mentioned in Genesis 2:18, 23-25, after creation of man and woman God thought of ushering marriage between man and woman (Sweeney, 2012). But God emphasized basically on the 3 kinds of relationship that deals with Unique Personal Relationship between God and Man. In addition to this Lord has also emphasized on the relationship between a man and his wife that will be preceded by other human relationships between them. And lastly God all emphasized on relationship between man and other creations of God that are cre ated under his Sovereignty (Morrow, 2012). Brief Synopsis of the text This assignment will be dealing with the Sin that has been done by the man and woman in the Garden of Even along with the consequences. Moreover the Trust of Man in Lord as well as Gods Deep Love for Mankind and lastly The Fall of the Garden of Eden along with Expulsion from Garden of Eden will also be discussed vividly Bradshaw (2013). The main characters are Lord, Adam, Eve and the Serpent. After creation of man and woman along with the Knowledge Tree which was forbidden by Lord himself to Adam and Eve. Lords love for Mankind From the opinion of Swidler (2011) the Lord created human beings and also gifted Garden of Eden for living along with various kinds of creatures. As the garden was created, it was expected to protect the Garden to the maximum extent. God gave forces to mankind that monitors and ensures the protection of the garden to the maximum extent. Moreover as per commented by Hooker (2014) Lord also created many trees and has given freedom to man in order to have access to all the trees except one. This tree was known as Knowledge Tree that was therefore a serpent deceived the woman to have apple from that tree and feed the man. This led to the devastation and also led to the bonding between God and human beings. Genesis 3:1- 13 The Fall Since Lord has forbidden man and woman to have access to the Knowledge Tree, so the man and woman never eaten fruits of that tree. At that time, from the opinion of Sweeney (2012), the world was a better place to stay and it was free from all kind of politics. Even the Lord has said that the man and woman will be eating the fruits from the Knowledge Tree, they will die. As a result both man and woman never went towards the tree nor had fruits from there for which everything was going accordingly and well controlled. As mentioned by Morrow (2012), the Serpent which was craftier than any other animals that Lord has given deceived Eve. He asked Eve whether Lord has forbidden them to eat fruits from the Garden. Eve replied that Lord has given permission to have fruits from every other tree in the garden except the one that is situated in the middle of the garden. This is because, as per the Lords comment if they are going to eat the fruits of that tree or even touch it that will lead to their death (Hooker, 2014). But the serpent told the woman that they will not die as per the Lords comment, but they themselves will become God and will also know the good and the bad and the difference between them. As per mentioned by Schachter (2013) falling on the trap of the serpent, Eve was totally deceived and ignored the words of Lord. Eve looked at the fruit of the tree and therefore it looked good and pleasing to eye and in order to gain wisdom, she took some of that fruit and the rest part she gave to her husband. The man along with his wife ate it and this resulted in opening of their eyes. Bradshaw (2013) commented on the essential fact that, this resulted in realization that both were naked in front of each other and hence sewed some of the fig leaves in order to cover them up. Soon after that, both the husband and wife listened to the sound of Lord taking a walk in the garden. As per mentioned in the Genesis, both the husband and wife hid behind the tree for not confronting Lord. According to the viewpoint of Swidler (2011), Lord called them up but the man replied that they heard him in the garden and as because they became frightened as because they were naked, so they hid behind the trees. Lord asked him how come he knows that he is naked and then suddenly asked whether he has eaten the fruits from the tree which was specially forbidden by him. In the reply, the man said that the woman with whom the Lord has put him with has given him some fruits from that tree which they both ate (Hooker, 2014). After that the Lord asked the woman regarding what she has done. At this, the woman replied that it was the serpent that deceived her and asked her to eat the apple. After this, from the viewpoint of Bradshaw, (2013), the Lord has cursed the snake and told that among all the animals, the snakes will be crawling on the belly and will be feeding from the dust for the rest of their life. Moreover, Lord also cursed the snake that he will be putting an enmity between snakes and woman and also between their off springs. The snakes head will be crashed and strike at the head and at their heels. According to the viewpoint of Sweeney (2012), the Lord also cursed the man and said that since the listened to his wife and ate the fruit that was forbidden, he will be toiling hard for the rest of his life and will be feeding from the yield of it. After that the Lord supplied to them with the skin garments with which they covered themselves up. After that as per mentioned by Schachter (2013), the Lord even mentioned that the man has also become like Lord and thereby knows the good and the evil. This resulted in the banishing them from the Garden of Eden and therefore as a result the expelled them from re-entering into the garden. As a result, Adam and Eve left the garden with the burden of sin and remorse of their commitment. Conclusion This assignment dealt with the creation of human beings and the other animals by Lord along with the creation of Garden of Eden. The Lord asked them to have fruits from all the trees except one that will be providing knowledge to them. But the woman came into the words of a serpent and had made the mistake of having that fruit by both the husband and wife. This resulted in the opening of their eyes and they realized that they are naked. Even they feared as well as felt shy away from the Lord that resulted in the banishment from The Garden of Eden. References Bradshaw, J. M. (2013). The Tree of Knowledge as the Veil of the Sanctuary. Ascending the Mountain of the Lord: Temple, Praise, and Worship in the Old Testament, 49-65. Schachter, L. (2013). The Garden of Eden as God's First Sanctuary. Jewish Bible Quarterly, 41(2), 73. Swidler, L. (2011). The Garden of Eden Story-Source of Often Mis-Read Wisdom: A Jewish Christian Dialogue. Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 46(2), 143. Sweeney, M. A. (2012). The Good and Evil Serpent: How a Universal Symbol Became Christianized. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, lfr092. Hooker, P. K. (2014). Book review: Inhabiting Eden: Christians, the Bible, and the Ecological Crisis, written by Patricia K. Tull. Horizons in Biblical Theology, 36(1), 91-94. Morrow, J. (2012). Work as Worship in the Garden and the Workshop: Genesis 13, the Feast of St. Josephthe Worker, and Liturgical Hermeneutics. Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture, 15(4), 159-178.

Analysis of Childhood Obesity London Borough of Enfield †Sample

Question: Describe about rationale and critique of the interventions to handle the issue? Answer: Introduction: The issue of obesity is a major concern in almost all the developed countries across the world, considered as the most serious health challenge for 21st century by WHO (World Health Organization). Studies by National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) show around 19.2% children of the age group 10-11 years were obese and 14.6% were overweight in 2013/14 in England (Noo.org.uk, 2015). Around 9.6% of children were obese and 13.2% were overweight in age group 4-5 years. The London Borough of Enfield depicts high levels of obese children. Incidence of child poverty, teenage pregnancy and infant mortality makes the childhood obesity a major concern over this place (Apho.org.uk, 2015). The current essay identifies the urban health issue of childhood obesity with the relevant causes and effects on the society along with the urban health advantages. The essay provides with the information regarding the relevant measures existing in London Borough of Enfield (LBE) to handle the issue of childhood obesity and analyze their effectiveness as per the challenges and outcomes. The essay concludes by shedding light on the ways to a more effective handling of the childhood obesity problem in LBE. The relevant suggestions and identified implications for policies and practices in context of handling the urban health issues intends to provide a sound knowledge of the childhood obesity issues and its better handling measures to control this growing concern in the health system of UK. Rationale: In England, around 28% of children in the age group 2 to 15 years reflect overweight or obesity by the reports of Health Survey for England (HSE) (Noo.org.uk, 2015). Studies reveal 27.3% children in the primary schools and 24.7% of children in secondary schools to recieve Free School Meals in 2012 in LBE. The LBE depicts 13.7% reception pupils to be obese, which is nmuch higher than 11.2% in London and 9.6% in England. Several newspapers also identifies the fact that around 1 in 10 children in the age group of 5 years is obese with a third of the primary school children are overweight by the time they reach the end of school (Donnelly, 2014). Research depicts 27% children in the primary school in London Borough of Southwark were obese, which is again higher to the 11% children in Richmond upon Thames. Studies identify a high concentration of fast food outlets in the east of the Borough, where the incidence of obesity is also quiet high. The south-east of the LBE reveals highest rate of obesity in the reception pupils (Haringey.gov.uk, 2015). Researches found out that the other 6 wards on eastern side of the LBE border reflects the rise of obesity rates towards 30%. These 6 wards include Lower Edmonton Jubilee, Enfield Highway, Edmonton Green, Ponders End and Enfield Lock. LBE also depicts 21.7% of the population as less than 16 years of age. It is the largest proportion of children prevailing among the boroughs in the North London. The rates of children is forecasted to increase with the increasing birth rate of LBE. As per the view of Singh et al. (2010), childhood poverty has a very close relation to childhood obesity. The LBE showing a high rate of childhood poverty with more than 50% people living in poverty indicates a high-risk area for childhood obesity. As stated by O'Dowd (2009), the development of obesity in children increases the risk of serious health problems in future stages of life. It includes morbid conditions as type 2 diabetes, cancer and heart diseases due to high cholesterol and blood pressure (BP). The health risks also comprise of fatty liver disease, joint problems (osteoarthritis), early puberty, and infertility, breathing problems as obstructive sleep apnoea, asthma, iron deficiency, vitamin D deficiency and gallstones. Puhl and Latner (2007) pinpointed on the psychological effects that obesity has on the childrens health. Since, the childhood is the most essential stage of development both physically and mentally, so the psychological detriments of obesity is evident as low self-esteem, lack of confidence, social seclusion and even depression in some severe cases. This essay provides insights on the eminent adverse effects of childhood obesity identifying the serious detrimental risk to which it exposes the future generation and overall health status. According to Langwith (2013), the early detection of the issue of overweight or obesity in childhood enable the reversing and prevention of health challenges in the later stages. The low rate of breastfeeding in Britain is highlighted as a major reason, giving rise to childhood obesity. Researches reveal that the number of women breastfeeding for six months is less than 1 in 5. The higher levels of proteins in the bottle feeds than in breast milk accounts for the protection of children from weight gain. Not only the adverse health issues but also the nation incurs huge losses in productivity and high expense of medical treatment due to obesity issues (Algazy et al. 2010). However, LBE depicts a high rate of breastfeeding incidence thus preventing a major contributing factor to childhood obesity. Urbanization is identified as a force driving the transition of energy balance thus underpinning the epidemic of obesity. Reilly (2007) asserted the view that higher rates of urbanization induce higher obesogenic pressure on the population. Urbanization leads to the prevalence of an obesogenic environment affecting the energy intake and expenditure by the individuals. Availability and access to food on the go that increases with urbanization lead to an increase in overconsumption. The poor availability of high quality healthy food at affordable price in the low-income neighborhoods of LBE depicts high association with poor diet and obesity (Currie-McGhee, 2012). It is an indication that the childhood obesity is a major urban health problem in LBE. In the research conducted by Rice and Rice (2009), the urban health penalty takes place due to the rapid growth of cities with diverse population, high density of transport network due to globalisation, division of socio-economic groups resulting in high density socio-economic activities and low concentration of socio-ecnomic families adds to the rise of urban health penalty. Evidences of unhealthy conditions of larger cities in compare to the rural areas in Europe provides support to the concept of higher health issue experienced by urban populations (Goodfellow and Northstone, 2008). The poor urban dwellers in LBE are at a higher risk of health issues. It is evidenced in studies by Freudenberg (2015) that the larger cities emerging due to globalization and urbanization, concentrate the poor people and raises their exposure to the unhealthy social and physical environments. Lack of adequate healthy food at affordable prices, social conception of accessing the processed foods, parent al failure to maintain the childs healthy weight, etc evident in the LBE acts as the factors leading to increasing incidence of childhood obesity. The urban environment leads to development of health inequalities. In addition to it, the low socio-economic status, deprivation, marginalization and urban vulnerability contributes to the negative health outcomes. It leads to unhealthy lifestyles, inappropriate food consumption habits, inaccessibility to healthy foods, that causes obesity in children (White, 2009). As seen in the LBE, increasing interest to acquire fincial strength drives the adults towards a major focus on financial gains as highering the income by working more. This leads to a decreased focus on the children detrimenting their health. Thus, the low socio-economic status acts as a major factor in contributing to development of childhood obesity in the urban areas as LBE. It is seen that mainly the children in the age group of 5 to 11 years depicts the maximum incdence of obesity in LBE. As per the view of Tzou and Chu (2012), one of the main reasons for development of childhood obesity is the parental negligence to the childs food consumption. With majority of parents in LBE working and leading an unhealthy lifestyle themselves, they unconciously drives the child towards an unhealthy lifestyle. It is evident from the increasing number of fast food outlets in the east of LBE. The children are drawn towards consumption of sugary foods with high calories. It leads to the issue of childhood obesity among the children in this group. This is also responsible for development serious co-morbid conditions as type 2 diabetes and higher level of cardiovascular diseases (Uusitupa et al. 2011). As per the reports of the study conducted by NCMP (National Child Measurement Programme) measuring the height and weight of the school children identifies a 3rd of the 10-11 years old children depicting obesity and overweight. In London Borough of Enfiled (LBE), studies reveal 13.7% obese children in reception, which is quite high compared to 11.2% across London and 9.6% across England. It is the 3rd highest rate of childhood obesity in London following Hackney and Barking Dagenham (Enfield.gov.uk, 2015). Other studies indicate a rapid and huge rise in obesity in the age group of 7 and 11 years. UK is identified as the place with the highest obesity prevalnece level in Europe (Harding, 2015). The imbalance between the amount of input energy and expenditure of energy is the major cause of obesity. Of the various contributing factors adding to the incidence of obesity in children, dietary habits is the prime one. White (2007) identified a growing cohort of children with development of unfavorable eating habits. Foods containing high amount of fats and carbohydrate content adds to the obesity. The failure of restrictive measures to the fast food location outlets in LBE by the public health interventions adds to the development of this unhealthy food habit. It thus fails to decrease the fast food consumption among people and children in the surroundings (2014). In addition to the absence of dietary modifications, the lack of adequate level of physical exercise adds to the development of obesity in children. Schobersberger (2013) criticises the decline in the level of compulsory sports. The activity programme in school implemented with the intension of promoting physical exercise depicts very little influence on the BMIs (Body Mass Index) of the children that indicates the level of overweight or obesity. Another prime factor leading to obesity is the deprivation of sleep. It is associated with the low level of physical exercise. Youngstedt (2007) asserted that lower level or absence of physical activities or exercise leads to poor sleep. The importance of the hormones leptin and ghrelin are of vital significance in this respect. Leptin hormone secreated by the fat cells informs the brain about the filled up state of the fat stores in body. On the other hand, stomach release the ghrelin hormone that act as a signal for hunger. A higher level of ghrelin and lower level of leptin is evident in individuals with little sleep. It encouarges the person towards overconsumption of food leading to obesity or overweight. Genetic contribution acts as a prime factor leading to obesity. Obesity in parents increases the risk of obesity in children due to genetic predisposition to obesity. Studies conducted on the LBE reveals a close link between childhood obesity and the prevailing socio-economic situation. Public Health England Child Obesity factsheets indicate a linear relationship among deprivation and prevalence of obesity (McLoone and Morrison, 2012). The education of the parents also emerge as an important factor adding to the increase in obesity of the children. The reports of the Millenium Cohort Study identifies 25% children obese and 14% overweight in houses with both parents lacking education. The houses with at least one educated parent depicts 15% children obese and 15% overweight. Another study highlighted the children residing in middle-affluent regions revealing highest probability of obesity due to activities like snacking between meals (Pearlman Hougie, 2010). Donnelly (2014) identified the children in the age group of 11-15 years at the maximum risk of obesity, espeially those living in obesogenic environment due to extreme urbanisation. It is seen to increase the child moratlity rate as well as the adult mortality rate in LBE due to morbid health conditions that arise due to obesity as diabetes and heart diseases (Walter et al. 2009). It not only affects the children and people but also the overall health cost of the UK government because in England the NHS (National Health Service) executes the maintenance of health system across the country (Chinitz, 2011). A better status of the health indicators in urban areas of LBE compared to that in the rural areas and a better faring of the urban poor than the rural poor indicates the providence of urban health advantages in cities. Kasper et al. (2014) believed that the socio-economic heterogeneity benefits the disadvantaged urban residents by bringing in health care and education at a higher accessibility level. The high level of social support with greater social cohesion in association with positive health outcomes is another urban health advantage. The wealthier individuals in the urban society of LBE are seen to provide support to the neighbours in need of healthcare. The dense social networks in urban areas provide with a wider option of supports. Freudenberg et al. (2010) put forward the view that the cities are capable of providing more access to the lifes necessities as nutritional and healthy foods, more opportunities for physical activities as fitness centres and better health awarene ss programmes. It enable rhe effective handling and control of the health issue of childhood obesity. It is evident through the studies revealing a higher consumption in the levels of fruits and fresh vegetables in urban areas of LBE, which is an indicator of a good eating habit that restricts obesity and overweight in the population. Chinitz (2011) opined the presence of a conducive environment to health in cities. A higher encouragement of activities as walking is productive towards the handling of the issue of obesity in adults that indirectly decreases the chances of exposing children to the risk of obesity due to parental obesity development and ill habits. The large numbers of open spacesb and parks established in LBE are clear evidences proving the health advantage by providing and encouraging the children towards participating in higher level of physical activities. From the results derived by the surveys, it is evident that a major urban health advantage is the achievement of support for the low-income residents of the urban neighbourhoods for overcoming the concerning health burdens. Through political mobilisation and more social movements, urbanisation enables the attraction of higher amount of resources for healthcare. According to Dilani and Sia (2014), in terms of housing standards, public health inf rastructure establishment and public education improvement, the cities as London Borough of Enfield seems to precede the non-urban areas. It can be conceptualised that the disadvantaged population in urban areas are acore area of concern depicting high incidences of childhood obesity. However, the urban health advantages contributes adequately towards achievement of the goal for better health improvement. Critique of the interventions to handle the issue: Simple methods as changes in lifestyle like inclusion of a healthier diet, encouraging children towards physical activities and involvement of the family to support the children in tackling the issue of obesity are quiet effective interventions to handle the childhood obesity issue. Public health interventions as policies restricting the locations of the fast food outlets seems to fail in moving the presence of the large number of fast food centres in the East Borough of London. As per the view of Goodfellow and Northstone (2008), long-term actions executed by a range of partners is effective in obesity handling. The council in the London Borough of Enfield (LBE) devised the strategy of Health Weight Strategy in 2009, updated in 2011 as per need of the corresponding situation. It aims at directing the children of LBE towards a healthy diet and suitable lifestyle (Enfield.gov.uk, 2015). However, even after implementation of the strategy, the rates of childhood obesity in LBE depicts a high level. Therefore, it can be said that the strategy is not quiet effective in lowering the obesity rate. Keegan (2011) highlighted the lack of adequate resources as a major challenge in implementing the strategy. Addressing the needs of the people in the LBE appropriately requiring a close collaboration of the communities and local organisations is a major challenge as well due to the varying needs of the people across the Borough. The childhood obesity prevention interventions of government as promoting healthy eating and active lifestye culture encouraging the children at a young age in schools with improvemets in physical activity facilities are expected to improve the issue of obesity in children. However, it involves quiet a considerable amount of expense. The childhood obesity programmes as Eat Better Move More by the charity The Gifted works in the primary schools in LBE is found to efficiently aware the children about health benefits of healthy eating and encourage them towards appropriate dietary habits (Creativetraininghub.co.uk, 2015). The working with the Renown Care, Mencap in Redbridge and Oasis Academy in the LBE is effective enough to deliver a healthy eating programme. The programme involves a 6-week schedule including 4 workshops for healthy eating promotion among children and parents/carers, a cook school on Saturdays and a creative workshop for events as interactive performing arts and crafts encouraging the participants for engaging in these events (Creativetraininghub.co.uk, 2015). It is found that Fun with Food is efficient in promoting healthy eating activities among children and people at the LBE in 2013-13. Other than these the gvernment policies as Healthy Lives, Healthy People: Our strategy for public health in England (2010) are effective in responding to the eminent challenges of health inequality tackling in LBE and across England (Lho.org.uk, 2015). Through a national wellness service the government shifts power to the local communities thus enabling the better understanding and relevant execution of the necessary activities to handle health inequalities in the locality. As asserted by Chinitz (2011), it enables a better handling of the objective to prevent childhood obesity as the health inequalities are closely related to inidence of obesity in the children. Recommendations and Conclusions: The study thus highlights the major urban health problems as correct understanding of the causes for childhood obesity and ways to eradicate them in the area. The local authority can conduct an extensive survey of the community at LBE. It will identify the reasons for the emergence of the problem of childhood obesity. This enable the strategizing of the most appropriate measures to prevent the reasons thus avoiding the health isuue from the core. The city cuncil needs to participate actively in enabling the enforcement of these measures. Although the currently prevailing child obesity prevention programmes possess adequate number of activities to promote the spreading of health awareness among parents, carers and children regarding obesity, yet a higher focus on the children can prove beneficial. A genral dietary plan can be attractive to one child while another may resist it strongly. Same is true for the encouraging activities to involve children in the programmes. Therefore individual focus on the children to provide them with a diet relevant to their preferences can be more effective in driving the children towards a healthier diet and lifestyle. This can be done by combining the childs parents, school ad carers opinion while framing the healthy physical activities and diet routine for the child. The issue of low educational level of parents and poor access to healthy food options for the children by the people of low socio-economic status can be resolved by arranging mass awareness campaigns involving the local community services with the support of the wealthy and concerned population in the LBE area. It involves the utilisation of the urban health advantage as the urban people depicts more interest towards better socio-environment welfare as it will improve their social health as well. It will attract more businesses and organisations to come to the area and conduct business as a greater number of affordable crowd is present in those areas. The government and the local authorities can establish a joint collaborative project to provide access to healthy foods by the urban disadvantaged people. If the business stakeholders and organisations are asked to sell the quality healthy food products at a lower price to the disadvantaged people and in return they will get the license to operate their business by opening stores in the urban area where the wealthier massess can buy from these stores, it will be beneficial for everyone. It will also enable the addressing of the issue of financial overload on the urban disadvantaged population thus preventing the negligence to their childrens health. Thus it can be concluded from the study that the issue of childhood obesity is gaining momentum rapidly in the current times. The LBE depicted to possess one of the highest rate of childhood obesity due to factors as low parental eductaion, health inequalities, high concentration of fast food stores and policies failing to change their locations. Several interventions as childhood obesity prevention programes, strategies and plans and frmaeworks are implemented to tackle this issue. Although some programs seem to act effectively but more focus on considering the exact needs of the people with correct identification of the reasons for the issues is highy essential. References Annunziato, R., Calogero, R. and Sysko, R. (2014). Addressing Obesity in Special Populations. Journal of Obesity, 2014, pp.1-2. Apho.org.uk, (2015).Public Health Observatories - Area: Enfield LB. [online] Available at: https://www.apho.org.uk/resource/item.aspx?RID=50273 [Accessed 16 May 2015] Chinitz, D. (2011). Health Care in World Cities: New York, Paris, and London. JAMA, 305(9), p.942. Creativetraininghub.co.uk, (2015). Projects. [online] Available at: https://www.creativetraininghub.co.uk/project/ [Accessed 14 May 2015]. Currie-McGhee, L. (2012). Childhood obesity. Detroit, MI: Lucent Books. Dilani, A. and Sia, A. (2014). Designing the Urban Physical Environment for Better Health: New Understandings of Health. CITYGREEN:Nature Health in Cities, 01(09), p.134. Donnelly, L. (2014). Warning over rising child obesity. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/11271032/Warning-over-rising-child-obesity.html [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Enfield.gov.uk, (2015). Childhood Obesity - Enfield Health and Wellbeing. [online] Available at: https://www.enfield.gov.uk/healthandwellbeing/childhoodobesity [Accessed 14 May 2015]. Freudenberg N, e. (2015). Beyond urban penalty and urban sprawl: back to living conditions as the focus of urban health. - PubMed - NCBI. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15751595 [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Freudenberg, N., Libman, K. and OKeefe, E. (2010). A Tale of Two ObesCities: The Role of Municipal Governance in Reducing Childhood Obesity in New York City and London. J Urban Health, 87(5), pp.755-770. Goodfellow, S. and Northstone, K. (2008). Childhood overweight and obesity in the UK a comparison of two environmentally distinct populations of 7-year-old children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 3(2), pp.117-119. Harding, D. (2015). Obesity in Children. Obesity and Overweight children. | Patient.co.uk. [online] Patient.co.uk. Available at: https://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/obesity-in-children [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Haringey.gov.uk, (2015). Childhood Obesity | Haringey Council. [online] Available at: https://www.haringey.gov.uk/social-care-and-health/health/joint-strategic-needs-assessment/health-mothers-children-and-young-people/childhood-obesity [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Janjua, N., Mahmood, B., Islam, M. and Goldenberg, R. (2012). Maternal and Early Childhood Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity among Low-Income Predominantly Black Children at Age Five Years: A Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Obesity, 2012, pp.1-9. Jwa, S., Fujiwara, T. and Kondo, N. (2014). Latent protective effects of breastfeeding on late childhood overweight and obesity: A nationwide prospective study. Obesity, 22(6), pp.1527-1537. Kasper, N., Herrn, O. and Villamor, E. (2014). Obesity prevalence in Colombian adults is increasing fastest in lower socio-economic status groups and urban residents: results from two nationally representative surveys. Public Health Nutrition, 17(11), pp.2398-2406. Keegan, F. (2011). Implementing a G3 community-based, childhood obesity preventionOPAL in local Communities. Obesity Research Clinical Practice, 5, pp.52-53. Langwith, J. (2013). Childhood obesity. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Lawrence, R. (2010). Does Breastfeeding Protect Against Overweight and Obesity in Children? A Review. Childhood Obesity (Formerly Obesity and Weight Management), 6(4), pp.193-197. Lho.org.uk, (2015). LHO : Health Inequalities. [online] Available at: https://www.lho.org.uk/LHO_Topics/National_Lead_Areas/HealthInequalitiesOverview.aspx [Accessed 14 May 2015]. McLoone, P. and Morrison, D. (2012). Risk of child obesity from parental obesity: analysis of repeat national cross-sectional surveys. The European Journal of Public Health, 24(2), pp.186-190. Noo.org.uk, (2015). Child Obesity :: Public Health England Obesity Knowledge and Intelligence team. [online] Available at: https://www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity/child_obesity [Accessed 13 May 2015]. O'Dowd, A. (2009). Sedentary lifestyle could be masking serious health problems in children. BMJ, 339(dec29 3), pp.b5646-b5646. Pearlman Hougie, D. (2010). Can Family Outdoor Recreation Help Reconnect Children with the Outdoors? Affluent Middle Childhood Perspectives of Outdoor Recreation in the UK. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 2(3). Puhl, R. and Latner, J. (2007). Stigma, obesity, and the health of the nation's children. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), pp.557-580. Reilly, J. (2007). Childhood Obesity: An Overview. Children Society, 21(5), pp.390-396. Rice, J. and Rice, J. (2009). The Concentration of Disadvantage and the Rise of an Urban Penalty: Urban Slum Prevalence and the Social Production of Health Inequalities in the Developing Countries. International Journal of Health Services, 39(4), pp.749-770. Satterthwaite, D. (2011). Editorial: Why is urban health so poor even in many successful cities?. Environment and Urbanization, 23(1), pp.5-11. Schobersberger, W. (2013). Regular physical exercise: evidence for health benefits in OSA patients?. Sleep Breath, 17(3), pp.903-904. Singh, G. K., Siahpush, M., and Kogan, M. D. (2010). Neighborhood socioeconomic conditions, built environments, and childhood obesity.Health affairs,29(3), 503-512 Tzou, I. and Chu, N. (2012). Parental influence on childhood obesity: A review. Health, 04(12), pp.1464-1470. Uusitupa, M., Tuomilehto, J. and Puska, P. (2011). Are we really active in the prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes at the community level?. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 21(5), pp.380-389. Youngstedt, S. (2007). S20.C Acute and adaptive effects of physical exercise on sleep. Sleep Medicine, 8, p.S25

101 The Conversation and Carr Professor Ramos Blog

101 The Conversation and Carr Quick Write Quick Write We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal Do you agree with this line from the Declaration of Independence. Do you believe that all people are equal? Four Defining Traits of a Game Goal. The outcome that the players will work to achieve. It focuses attention and gives you a sense of purpose. Rules. Limitations on how to achieve the goal. It will unleash creativity and foster strategic thinking. Feedback System. Tells players how close they are to achieving their goal. Provides motivation to keep playing. Voluntary Participation. Requires that you knowingly accept the goal, rules, and the feedback. You have the freedom to enter and leave the game at will. With these four ideas in mind, how can we apply this to college? Quick Write What is the best paper you have written? Why was it good? What did you do well? What is Literacy? Literacy – the ability to read and write. Also, competence or knowledge in a specified area. Journals Journals from now on should be two paragraphs long. First paragraph is a summary of the reading. Pick point or topic to summarize. Second paragraph is a response. Why did you pick it? What did you find interesting, or useful. Do you agree or disagree. Connect with it in some way. Summary Summarize what you think the main point was of the second literacy narrative. Response Respond to the point you summarized. What do you think about it? Do you agree with the point? Do you disagree with the point? Why? Does it remind you of something from your life? Does it help you understand something better? What did you learn? They Say Chapter 1 argues that good academic writing responds to what others are saying. What â€Å"They Say† is important to include in academic writing and is one way we can include the conversation when we write. The chapter includes templates for introducing standard views, implied or assumed and ongoing debates. Nicholas Carr Is Google making us Stupid? Carr argues that the internet affects our cognitive capacities, diminishing out ability to concentrate and to learn. Take two minutes and write something to share with the class. Why does Carr begin with lines from  2001: A Space Odyssey? Entering the Conversation The introduction to the textbook, page 1, explains that the book relies on templates to help us do the basic moves of writing. The templates are guides that when used help us to structure and generate our own writing. We will talk a lot about approaches to writing and how to think about writing, as well as use the templates provided to help us practice the principles of writing. State your own ideas as a response to others. You are just entering a conversation that has been going on for thousands of years. You are not expected to know everything, but you are expected to begin to understand what others have said before and how to find it. To argue means more than just stating your own position. To argue you need to enter into a conversation with others views. Then you can try to convince others of your position or just to see your position as valid. Where does Carr include the conversation in his article?

Immigration into America essays

Immigration into America essays In the eyes of the early American colonists and the founders of the Constitution, the United States was to represent the ideals of acceptance and tolerance to those of all walks of life. When the immigration rush began in the mid-1800s, America proved to be everything but that. The millions of immigrants would soon realize the meaning of hardship and rejection as newcomers, as they attempted to assimilate into American culture. For countless immigrants, the struggle to arrive in America was rivaled only by the struggle to gain acceptance among the existing American population. It has been said that immigration is as old as America itself. Immigration traces back as far as the 1500s when the West faced the coming of the Spanish. At that time, the Americas had been settled by the Indians, who were soon threatened by the first immigrants of America. These Spanish conquerors threatened to undermine the culture of the Indians as well as their way of life. Evidently, immigration started from the beginning of our countrys time and has had an everlasting effect on America today. Between 1880 and 1920 almost twenty-four million immigrants came to the United States. Between better salaries, religious freedom, and a chance to get ahead in life, were more than enough reasons for leaving their homelands for America. Because of poverty, no future and various discrimination in their homelands, the incentive to leave was increasing. During the mid-1800s and early 1900s, the labor and farm hands in Eastern Europe were only earning about 15 to 30 a day. In America, they earned 50 cents to one dollat in a day, doubling their paycheck. Those lower wage earners in their homeland were stuck in lowest paid jobs and had no chances to upgrade themselves. Many left their homelands in search of a better life and soon, word got out on how great things were in America. The job recruiters form America hung poster...

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, Journalism, Mass Media and Communication - Dissertation Example This essay declares that MOOCs trace their history back from 1969 when the aspect of open distance learning cropped up. The courses were offered via television microwave integrated channels. Students who had access to these channels watched lecturers on their TVs at off the campus sites. The courses evolved with the technology of streaming content from the internet and the use of electronic submission of assignments. Additionally, the lecturers used the same technique to distribute the learning materials for the enrolled students. The same system is the equivalent to the today’s MOOCs with the cost being the only differentiator. Stanford’s MOOCs technology offers same services to the off-campus students same as the on-campus ones. They receive similar credits up on passing. Early last decade, Stanford University implemented the SEE initiative that entailed offering of engineering and other six Cs online courses free up on logging on to the campus website. Such an idea o ffered lecturer notes and assignments through video technique. This paper makes a conclusion that the Stanford’s MOOCs attracted hundreds of students as it integrated courses with resourceful databases, artificial intelligence and machine learning as compared to the Yale and Harvard styles. With the evolution of the Harvard platform offering similar courses, Stanford implemented the Class2Go and the Venture Lab platforms as the counteracting and competitive online platforms for its students.

Cybersecurity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

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One Federal Law Enforcement Organization - Assignment Example In counter-terrorism, the agency serves a variety of functions entailing nuclear security, aviation and chemical security concerns, fraud and counterfeit and information sharing. The roles of the DHS in border security and immigration include apprehension, convicting and deporting of illegal immigrants which are geared towards ensuring that the USA is secure (DHS, 2012). Due to overlap in crime fighting responsibilities, the DHS, state and local law enforcement agencies are interlocked in crime fighting. The DHS undertakes some activities with the aim of maximizing cooperation and assisting the local agencies in their objectives in crime fighting. For instance, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) branch of the DHS collaborates with local and state agencies to create a united and seamless front for disruption of transnational crime (DHS, 2011). The DHS also bears better capacity in logistics and intelligence from which local agencies gain through information sharing. The relationship between the DHS and local and state law enforcement agencies has not always had a positive effect. The overlap in crime fighting responsibilities that exists between the two- federal (DHS) versus local and state levels- has not been traditionally well managed. For instance, the roles of the DHS in special operations, forensics, criminal intelligence and disaster response may clash with local and state arms charged with special investigations, forensic services, criminal investigations and emergency planning and response (Richman, 2000). In such cases, it is evident that counteractive clashes in interests may hinder crime fighting and, thus, jeopardize the missions of all levels of law enforcement involved. The main cause of the problems noted above stems from the occurrence of crimes that are multi-jurisdictional. This situation results in a situation where the federal, state and local law enforcement agencies deem

Accounting Theory And History Accounting Essay

Accounting Theory And History Accounting Essay Accounting has evolved since it was first developed and has continued to evolve. The aim of this essay is to explore and discuss why accounting, both financial and management has changed over the last millennium. In order to achieve this aim an in-depth approach will be taken into the origins of accounting, its purpose and need. This will mean examining history papers which are evidence-based but are intertwined with value judgement. Many alternative theoretical and practical explanations are offered in literature for the development of accounting over time. These course literatures will be evaluated and there theories will subsequently be accepted or rejected. In order to explore the question and because the definitions provided by accounting bodies are themselves are subject to change, it is crucial to first define accounting and its purpose. The purpose of accounting is to provide information based on relevant data that aids users in making economic decisions. Financial accounting is designed mainly to produce financial reports which provide information regarding the firms performance to external users such as Tax authorities, Investors, Customers and Creditors. Financial Accounting is highly regulated in order to ensure they have certain characteristics. These characteristics enhance the usefulness of the financial reports to users. These characteristics are relevance, comparability, timeliness, fairness and objectivity. Management accounting is used to prepare accounts and reports that provide accurate and up to date information that allows management to make decisions. Accounting developed as people needed a method of recording their assets and property. If property was recorded and accounted for, it would be easy to prove legal ownership. Accountancy has been around for thousands of years. Professor L. Plunkett of the College of Charleston calls accounting the oldest profession In this millennium there have been countless changes and developments in accounting. From more primitive methods of simple accounting for property and assets, in order to record for evidence of legal ownership to a complex regulated form. Management Accounting British Entrepreneurs and Pre-Industrial Revolution Evidence of Cost Management a paper by Richard K. Fleischman and Lee D. Parker examines the use and developments of cost accounting in 1760 to 1850. The four main areas looked at in cost management will be: cost control techniques, accounting for overhead, costing for routine and special decision making, and standard costing. These firms used cost data to control raw material input materials. The iron firms broke down costs using raw material controls, whilst taking into account the differential costs of mining and smelting. Textile firms were concerned about the profitable raw mixtures and the cost of raw materials input. Marshall textile firm employ the practise of using performance cards, which is an effective method and is still used by firms today. Performance cards are used daily to monitor and control expenses.. These management accounting practises benefited the business greatly. It allowed marshal to be cost effective and efficient by minimising costs. Gregs was another textile firm which kept wage and expense books to calculate control costs. This helps to identify trends, weaknesses and areas for improvement. For example they experienced losses in 1829 and where able to identify and attribute these to heightened production costs and outdated machinery. The textile and iron firms were in a highly competitive market, and so dependent on a market-driven pricing structure. This gradually changed as with firms using product costing to aid in determining the optimum level of output. Boulton Watt and Wedgewood were able to calculate overheads such as factory costs, fixed costs and selling expense. This enabled them to factor these costs into their selling prices. Industrial Revolution entrepreneurs employed cost analysis to support vertical integration and product line decisions (Fleischman 1990, P367) Decisions such as capital equipment purchases and mineral field leases where taken after careful consideration of costing of alternatives. This enabled them to justify and make potentially better decisions as the quality of information on which to base the decision on was better. The use of standard costing was associated with an awareness of the cost saving available from appropriate inventory control procedures. (Richard K. Fleischman et la 1990) Standard costing saved the time of actually having to accumulate actual inventory costs. This is beneficial for firms as they can create standard costs, which allow the business to: identify and eliminate obsolete items, budget and compare with actual costs, estimate a price more easily than calculating a price based on actual cost, create forecasts for production. An Archivist responds to the New Accounting History: The Case of the U.S. Mens Clothing Industry is a paper by Thomas Tyson that uses factual evidence on the history of accounting to examine the changes. It focuses mainly on the mens clothing industry. Miller and OLeary (1987) implied that the principle of standard costs made it possible to attach to every individual within the firm norms and standards of behaviourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Standard costing and budgeting made possible a pinpointing of responsibility for preventable inefficiencies at the level of the very individual from whom they derived this is true to an extent and can be seen in the British Railways Industrys costing system. BRM failed to budget or use standard costing till they were forced to do so as a result of declining profits. This fail mean preventable inefficiencies were not prevented. Hopper and Armstrong state the reason for these changes to management accounting being due to the direct result of firms struggling. Accounting controls were not a consequence of economic or technological imperatives, but rather were rooted in struggles as firms attempted to control labour processes in various epochs of capitalistic development. (HA 1991, P. 405) Along with changes in accounting, there came changes in innovations in management. Scientific management sought to establish itself a right to interfere in peoples lives. This right was eventually to be taken over by an army of techniques of social and economic life of the enterpriseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the project of scientific management helped to render apparent and remediable the waste lying deep within the every move of the worker. (Tyson. T, an archivists response to new accounting history) it is generally considered that Tysons paper is flawed. Cost accounting in the shipbuilding, engineering and metals industries of the West of Scotland, The Workshops of the Empire, C1900-1960 is a paper by A.I.M. Fleming, S. Mckinstry and K. Wallace. The paper examines the nature and developments of costing systems employed in the shipbuilding, engineering and metals industries of the West of Scotland between the years c1900-1960. These developments can be seen as a progression from the cost management practises employed in textile and iron works examined in the previous paper, adapted to different industries. There were developments necessitated by the fact that most work was contract-based or job based and so required a different method of cost accounting. Standard costing and budgetary control were rejected as a result of scepticism over the relevance of Taylorism and scientific management to the areas industries. As many of the jobs and contracts were unique, this may not have been a bad thing. The ship building industry split the ships costs into three main components, Hull, Boilers and Engine. Each had a separate cost-book which recorded direct wages and materials. This system allowed a comparison between the estimated direct costs and actual direct costs. A detailed wage analysis book was kept, separating wage cost for the three main components (hull, engine and boiler). The wage bill for each component was also split into separate categories e.g. direct workers, class of workman, piece work-based etc. This allowed them to maximise efficiency in terms of labour costs as staff and materials were already supervised. This also reduced the risk of theft. There therefore existed a system that enabled the tracking of costs versus estimate at prime cost level on a progressive basis as contracts proceeded. (K.Wallace Parker 2000, P363) The British Railway Industry tended to sell in fixed price contracts. The Cost and Weight Book recorded the cost associated with each of the major component of the locomotive e.g. Boiler, firebox etc. This book had a strict template each major component was printed on the left and separate costs where printed at the top. This format allowed comparison between different contract cost and understandability. It also allowed for good estimation for future contract costs. This format has changed little in modern management accounting. A failure of the company was to not fully utilise this valuable information as they did not use budgeting, standard costing or marginal costing. Costs were not analysed by department or works. (K.wallace and Parker 2000) Not until the firm began to decline in 1960 did they introduce a form of simple budgeting. This failure to budget was a weakness that was eventually addressed but cost the firm potential cost saving efficiencies. The Industrial Revolution versus the Managerial Revolution: Distinguishing Difference in Accounting Practices a paper by Keith Hoskin and Richard Macve discusses the role of accounting as a producer of Modern Managerialism. The accounting practises of writing, examining and grading came to structure human activity for those who learned to learn under them, it is understandable how accounting could discover a new role in the business context. (Hoskin Macve, 1993, p 9) This statement indicates an evolving role of accounting in business and influencing the structuring of human activity. This theory was seen being employed at Springfield Armoury. The armoury generated a large quantities of accounting information costs were tracked, records of production were kept , full-cost estimates made for pricing decisions, including the application of charges for interest and depreciation. (Hoskin Macve, 1993, p 9) This was done in order to form a complete system of accountability. This was an im portant step along with the introduction of charges for interest and depreciation. This paper relates to economic rational theory which can be used to explain the developments in management accounting. People make choices based on their rational outlook, available information and past experiences. (Investopedia online, http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rationaltheoryofexpectations.asp#axzz1g2suXeki) As the result of highly competitive markets and rising labour costs reduced profits, firms developed cost management techniques, such as: cost control to control and break down the cost of individual materials used, accounting for overheads which allows firms to factor costs such as fixed and factory costs into the selling price and standard costing which allows budgeting and comparison with actual costs. An example of economic rational theory is the British Locomotive Company who learned from past experiences of losing cost saving for not using budgeting, standard costing or marginal costing and as a result they introduce a form of simple budgeting. Economic rational also drove the changes in monastic houses. Changes were introduced after rational outlook, weaknesses and past failings were identified were taken into account. Albion Motors and Monastic houses and Estates have also made changes based on their economic rational. These changes represent the evolution of management accounting over the last millennium. In the paper The Industrial Revolution versus the Managerial Revolution we see significant changes to management accounting because of a need to control labour and maximise labour efficiency. This is because of the abolition of slavery which means that employees must be paid. This means employees must maximise labour effectiveness and efficiency. This led to the managerial revolution. Springfield armoury used labour control to increase productivity and reduce costs. We see a development in cost management practises in the in British Entrepreneurs and Pre-Industrial Revolution Evidence of Cost Management paper. Fleischman states the lengthy period of decline of market prices that affected the iron industry firms from 1808 to 1830. The struggle to cope with falling market prices caused firms in the industry to undertake careful investigations of their iron-making costs (K.wallace and Parker 2000, P368) The decline motivated these developments in cost management. They were brought about by a need to adapt to other changes in the market and economy at the time. The practises in use at the time were inadequate and out-dated. The developments allowed them to better identify weaknesses, which had the effect of increasing production, efficiency, decreasing waste and helping set a better selling price. In Cost accounting in the shipbuilding, engineering and metals industries of the West of Scotland, the Workshops of the Empire, C1900-1960 we see further development of cost management system. The reason for these specific developments was that shipbuilding and railway jobs where contract based and so it would not be ideal to use standard costing. It was necessary to use another method of cost accounting. Financial Accounting The first paper that will be discussed is The development of financial management and control in monastic houses and estates in England c.1200-1540 by Alisdair Dobie. The changes focus mainly on the internal function of a monastery. These changes are necessitated by changing influences and pressures, economic and religious which arose from 1200 onwards. (Dobie, 2008 P.2) Monastic houses where not all the same, there were different orders. Each was governed by different sets of rules. New orders were formed when there were perceived weaknesses in established orders. These new orders introduced additional sets of rules. Each Benedictine house was to a large extent autonomous and responsible for its own affairs.(Dobie 2008, P3). This statement indicates a degree of accountability within the houses. As a result of failings due to Benedictine self-regulation, new orders emerged which lead to each house forming a subsidiary part of the whole order. This meant that each separate house was subject to inspection, regulation and control from the order as a whole. These inspections were a form of audit from the order on the house. Changes in management might vary from order to order and house to house, depending upon individual situations, relevance and needs. (Dobie, 2008 P2) Changes were introduced after weaknesses were identified, in order to continued impro vement and bring together all houses from the same orders to using the same set of rules. Financial management and control changes can be broken down into three categories: the safeguarding of the assets of the house; the exploitation of its resources; and, the efforts to ensure that all resources were used effectively and efficiently. Safeguarding the assets of the house meant physically securing and maintaining them against for example encroachment, diminution or alienation. (Dobie, 2008 P4) Exploitation of resources meant making full use of land and estate. This was a response to failing grain prices and rising labour costs. Efficiency and effectiveness referred to the efficiency and effective use of resources by the house. Other major developments during this time were the standardisation of accounts which allowed comparability and relevance, accounting was also taught at university from the fourteenth century onwards. A significant development in the early millennium is seen in renaissance Italy. There was a rise in trade and banking. A form of double-entry book keeping was already being used by banks to keep track of debtors and creditors. Luca Pacioli, the Perfect Accountant is a paper by Dr F G Volmer, University of Limburg, which discusses the life and works of Luca Pacioli. Paciolis work has had a great influence on accountancy. His publication Summa De Arithmetica was widely recognised as a giant leap forward for double-entry book keeping. Paciolis Summa was a conceptual framework of best accounting and business practices. Summa was written in Tuscan and Venetian dialects. Pacioli used these instead of Latin to allow the educated and non-educated to benefit equally from his work. Paciolis conceptual framework is very similar to the FASBs 1976 conceptual framework. the principles of systematicalness, consistency and reliability then emerge. Every item must be systematically and carefully recorded in the inventory with all countermarks, full names and in as much detail an as possibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Volmer P7) 200 years before Pacioli Italians traders began using Arabic numerals in order to keep track of profits instead of roman numerals. This was an important change. Arabic numerals were easier to understand and easier to use in an accounting format. This change is a step in the direction of modern day management accounting where English numbers which are similar to Arabic numerals are used for bookkeeping. Rouse and Rouse sum up Paciolis innovations under different headings: The use of alphabetical order as a means of arranging words and ideas This development of a new visually orientated layout created an easy to use and understand template for double entry. Paciolis fully-developed double-entry system, with bi-lateral layout and systematic cross-referencing of debit and credit, was a particular form of the new general textuality. This bi-lateral layout of the double-entry system is still in use to this day. It allows cross-referencing of credits and debits which is particularly useful for to banks. This partially answers the main question as to why management accounting has changed over the last millennium. Paciolis influential work resulted in necessary positive changes in accountancy. He introduced three books of record: the ledger, the memorandum and the journal. These required debit and credit transactions to be balance. Books that did not balance usually indicated an error. Dowlais Iron Company: Accounting Policies and Procedures for Profit Measurement and Reporting Purposes by J. R. Edwards and C. Baber is a paper that shows development in both financial and management accounting. DIC implemented a robust system of management accounting. Book-keepers were employed by DIC to maintain the books of accounting on a strict double entry basis (a double-entry system developed by Luca Pacioli). This was a family business, but the business was treated as a separate legal entity. This is common in modern businesses as it allows limited liability for the owners. This can also be seen when personal non-business transactions undertaken by owners were properly accounted for through the relevant partners current account. DIC adhered to three out of the four main fundamental concepts of accounting when preparing financial statement. These were prudence, going concern and consistency. Less emphasis was placed on the use of the accruals concept, especially in its application to the treatment of capital expenditure (Edwards and Baber 1979 P142) This is not unusual for businesses in the 1800s and was mainly due to a perceived conflict between the accruals and prudence concepts, with the prudence concept being considered more beneficial. This contrasts with a more balanced use of both concepts currently used today. The use of these concepts shows a development of financial accounting within the organisation. DICs system of capital accounting is said to have helped the firm successfully grow to an immense size. This was funded through internal finance. The reliance on internal finance led to problems during the 1850s. A succession of trading losses drained the reserve funds. This led to DIC reorganising the Works and turn to external finance. Profit returned to acceptable levels in the mid-1860s We see in the private ledgers that there were summary balance sheets till 1861 this suggested that there was information that the management was attempting to hide. From 1861 onwards the company accountant adopted the policy of adding the relevant narrative explaining each total. This policy is still in use today and shows further development in financial accounting at the time. Companies summarise and disclose significant and relevant information relating to the figures in accounts in the notes. This would have been done to enhance the understandibility, allowing for totals to be broken up and examined. The financial reporting practises of British municipal corporations 1835-1933: a study in accounting innovation by Hugh M Coombs and John Richard Edwards is a paper in which we see the government fulfilling the role of a regulatory body. Developments were mainly in response to growing central government concern with corruption, mismanagement and lack of accountability. (Combes Edwards, 1995 P2) This in short led to the introduction of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. This act attempted to ensure proper regulation of municipal corporations. The borough treasures was obliged to: make true accounts of all transactions, make books available for inspection by the councillors, to prepare an account for the council as and when required, to submit accounts to auditors elected by the ratepayers, to sign and cause to be printed a full abstract of his accounts, and to make the accounts available for inspection by ratepayers. (H. M. Combes et la, 1995) This shows a tightening up of regulati on and an increase in accountability. It is a significant development in financial accounting. During this time we also see a move away from cash accounting to accruals. The accruals concept had previously been viewed with scepticism as seen in Dowlais Iron Company as it conflicted with the prudence concept. Cash-based accounting was at times restrictive and its disadvantages far out way its advantages. Accruals based accounting on the other hand: protects against negligence and irregularity by recording every step of a transaction, enables the statement of an entitys profit and loss and financial position; it records values; and it provides a stable and homogenous basis for statistics. (Combes Edwards, 1995 P2) The second development during this time was the use of the double accounting system of financial reporting. This system is able to combine the attributes of charge/discharge accounting with commercial accounting. (Combes Edwards, 1995 P3) It is a combination of stewardship orientation and profit calculation orientation. The advantage of this system is that it would prevent anyone from being misled into assuming a connection between expenditure appearing debited in the capital account and the actual value of works associated with that expenditure In the paper Engineering culture and accounting development at Albion Motors 1900- c.1970 by Sam McKinstry we see the relationship between Albion Motors accounting systems and its engineering-orientated culture. This paper shows changes in both financial and management accounting. Albion motors used a well-developed double entry system, a system no doubt derived from the work of Pacioli. Depreciation was also charged on machinery, by assessing there useful life. Depreciation ranged from between 10% and 33.3%. Albion motors also used one of the first firms to use full accruals accounting, which is a clear change as firms had previously preferred to us prudence. Full accounts were only produced every financial year, as was a full stocktaking. A plant register was kept and maintained by the engineering department. This allowed for accountability and reduced the chances of fraud in the depots. Albion motors employed a highly skilled but unqualified a company secretary and cashier, although this was not uncommon at the time when they became a public company they employed a chartered accountant. This is a significant development as the qualified accountants involvement reinforces the reputability of the companys financial accounts. It is now essential for the public company accounts to be produced by someone who is qualified to do so, as not to do so would lead investors to question their accuracy. The non-qualified employee responsible for all accounting from 1914 until 1950 was succeeded by a chartered accountant. This emphasizes the reputation and influence of the profession of accountancy. It is around 1950s that there is seen the emergence of the financial accountant. The need of the users of financial information is changing, the emergence of this new official role show that clearly. Investors confidence in financial reports is dependent on financial information having characteristics which are discussed in IAS 1. Financial information must be relevant, up to date, reliable and free from bias. The financial accountant is qualified to produce financial information that abides by these criteria. Christie Malrys own double entry by B.S. Johnson: An interpretation as foucauldian disclosures a paper by Sam McKinstry that examines the work of the novelist B.S. Johnson. This paper discusses the idea that accounting can be used to convey certain information to certain people. In this case the issue that the Double-entry system only favours specific interests in society and disadvantages others. (McKinstry 2006 P990) This directly disagrees with public interest theory which states that regulation is initially put in place to benefit society as a whole. (C. Deegan J Unerman 2006, P 65) This paper also takes into account and makes reference to the work of Luca Pacioli in double entry bookkeeping. Malry adapts the double entry system, converting situations in his life into monetary values and inputting these values as either debits or credits. This adaptation was particularly important in the context of British politics and Industrial relations at the time. these and other developmen ts recharged and remorilised capitalism and retooled social democratise ideology and its politics. (McIlorys and Campbells 1999, P 93). Collectively these developments in financial accounting over the last millennium have resulted in financial accounting as we know it today. These changes where brought about by a change in the needs of users of financial information and the identifying of weaknesses. We see many changes in the financial management of monastic houses and estates at the start of the millennium. The early Period of rapid growth in terms of new foundations was over, and the later Middle-ages witnessed the response of organisations in their age of maturity endeavouring to maintain their purpose and position.(Dobie, 2008, P 3) Monasteries changed in order to adapt and survive the economic and religions pressures. These changed allowed them to maintain their positions survive the times. We see the introduction of an audit function and the changing of regulation to deal with the identification of weakness. Other factors such as the Black Death epidemic which impacted on the economy as well as the population influenced developments at the time. Luca Pacioli developed the double-entry system used at the time by traders after identifying room for improvement this system is similar to the one used today. He also developed a conceptual framework of accounting best practises. Its influence can clearly be seen in todays IASB and FASB conceptual frameworks. In Dowlais Iron Company we see the implementing of a sophisticated financial reporting and management accounting system which complimented the financial accounting system. These systems allowed them to the size and success that they did. it is unlikely that any firm would have grown to the size and achieved the significance of DIC in the absence of a satisfactory system for recording both inflows and outflows of cash and other asset and movement of resources within the firm (Edwards and Baber 1979 P139) The Financial reporting practises of British municipal corporations in 1835-1933 show developments in the regulation, disclosure and controls in order to deal with corruption, mismanagement and lack of accountability in municipal corporations. Political factors triggered by the two major wars impacted on both financial and management accounting. This can be seen in Engineering culture and accounting development at Albion motors a paper by Sam Mckinstry. World War 2 led to the introduction of a War pension scheme, which is accounted for using IAS 19. We also see in 1950 the development of the role of the financial accountant. The role of the financial accountant is created mainly to provide credibility and reassurance to financial accounts. The financial accounting is qualified to produce accounts in accordance with regulations, to give a true and fair view of the firms finances in order to maintain investor confidence. This is a contribution factor in accounting being the reputable profession it is today. This is open to debate as it can be argued that this only gives the illusion of reputability. As seen in the collapse of Enron the financial reports approved by the financial accountants didnt give a true and fair view of the organisation. Possible theories into reasons for these changes are given in the demand for and supply of Accounting Theories: The Market for Excuses a paper by Ross L. Watts and Jerold L. Zimmerman. The paper discusses the question of why accounting theories are predominantly normative and why no general theory is generally accepted. It is generally concluded that accounting theory has had little substantive, direct impact on accounting practise or policy formation despite half a century of research (R. L. Watts 1979, P 1) the theory of political process is one theorises the idea that individuals with power in government will attempt to gain wealth through the influence and prescribe accounting procedures that are in their own best interests. There is also the idea that as individuals have different interests there will be a number of different accounting theories on a single issue. This prevents general agreement on accounting history.(R. L. Watts 1979, P 273) This theory can be proven by looking at the recent scandal involving MPs expenses. MPs influenced the regulations on expenses in their own favour, in an attempt to gain wealth. There was also the issue that these individual expense claims were not made public but were leaked. This shows that disclosure requirements were inadequate, as a result of the identification of this weakness regulations have been tightened up. Another example of this is Ex-Prime Minister Tony Blair having tax-payers pay for his security when he travels the worlds for his own financial gains. Blairs constitutional reform of the Human Rights Act 1998 when he was in power gives him this right. The demand for public interest-orientated accounting theories depends on the extent of the governments role in the economy. (R. L. Watts 1979, P 275) a clear example of this is the adjusting of interest rates in order to help economic growth. Another example of this is the financial reporting practises of British municipal corporations 1835-1933, where there was corruption, mismanagement and lack of accountability. The government gave the illusion of acting in the public interest but from further analysis it can be seen that this legislation was a response to public protest. We can see that there was a degree of self-interest involved. The motivation for all the developments of in financial accounting can be examined using Self-inte

To Kill a Mockingbird: An Analysis of Discrimination Essay -- Kill Moc

To Kill a Mockingbird: An Analysis of Discrimination The most important theme of the 1960 Pulitzer Prize winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird is author Harper Lee’s tenacious exploration of the moral nature of people. Lee tenaciously explores the moral nature of human beings, especially the struggle in every human soul between discrimination and tolerance. The novel is very effective in not only revealing prejudice, but in examining the nature of prejudice, how it works, and its consequences. One of the ways it accomplishes this is by dramatizing the main characters’, Scout and Jem’s, maturing transition from a perspective of childhood innocence. Initially, because they have never seen or experienced evil themselves, they assume that all people are good by nature and tolerant of others. It is not until they see things from a more realistic adult perspective that they are able to confront evil, as well as prejudice, and incorporate it into their understanding of the world (Castleman). As a result of this skillful literary portrayal by Harper Lee of the psychological transition from innocence to experience to realization, To Kill a Mockingbird succeeds admirably in portraying the very real threat that hatred, prejudice, and ignorance have always posed to the innocent. Simple, trusting, good-hearted characters such as Tom Robinson and Boo Radley are tragically unprepared. They are ill-equipped emotionally and psychologically to deal with the unexpected depths of the prejudice they encounter -- and as a result, they are destroyed. Even Jem is victimized to a certain extent by his discovery of the evil of prejudice and its hidden power over so many people during and after the controversial trial (Bergman and ... ... to view the world from his perspective ensures that she will not become jaded as she loses her innocence. In conclusion, in To Kill a Mockingbird, author Harper Lee tenaciously explores the moral nature of human beings, especially the struggle in every human soul between discrimination and tolerance. The novel is very effective in not only revealing prejudice, but in examining the nature of prejudice, how it works, and its consequences. Bibliography Bergman, Paul, and Asimow, Michael. Reel Justice. New York: Andrews and McMeel, 1996. Castleman, Tamara. Cliffsnotes’ Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: Cliffsnotes, 2000. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: Harper Collins, 1999. To Kill a Mockingbird. Dir. Robert Mulligan. Perf. Gregory Peck, Mary Badham, Crahan Denton, Philip Alford. Universal-International, 1962.

The Effects Of Tourism In Kenya

It has been brought to my attention that you have become concerned about the level of economic development in Kenya. To help solve this problem I have prepared a report in which I have come up with a solution to the problem. After thoroughly researching different methods to increase the economy, I have come to a conclusion that tourism is the best alternative to increase the wealth of Kenya. In my report I will be discussing if tourism should be encouraged in Kenya. I will be looking at the different options of tourism, including the tourist opportunities, the advantages and disadvantages and the people who will benefit from it and those that may be affected. I hope my report will be helpful and effective, please do not hesitate to contact me if u have any queries. Thank you. Neha Bharadia Facts Of Kenya * Kenya is located in Eastern Africa, it is found between Somalia and Tanzania. * The total area it covers is 582,650 kmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. 13,400 kmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of this area is water, which leaves 569,250 kmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to be covered by land * The total population is 31, 138,738 – Excess mortality expected due to AIDS, this results in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. * The population growth rate is 1.15% * The highest point in Kenya is Mount Kenya which is 5,199m * The natural resources available are gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barites, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife and hydropower. * Land use (see chart 2): 7.03% – Arable land 0.91% – Permanent crops 92.06% – Other * Natural hazards that occur in Kenya are: reoccurring drought and flooding during rainy seasons. * The Languages spoken in Kenya are mainly English, Swahili and Kishwahli, however there are also many other various languages spoken. * The literacy rate of the entire population is 78.17%. 86.3% of all males are literate and 70% of all females are literate. * The climate varies from tropical along the coast to arid in the centre. Graphs Showing Climate in Nairobi Chart 1 Chart 3 Chart 2 Tourism in Kenya You can read also Classifications of Restaurants Most tourists are attracted to visiting Kenya because of the wildlife parks or the coastline of the Indian Ocean. People often go on holidays in Kenya, as it is something different from normal beach holidays in Europe, which prove to be very popular with tourists. Visitors to Kenya can go on various different types of safaris, as there are many different national parks and areas where wildlife can be seen. Kenya has a total of twenty-six National Parks and twenty-nine National Reserves. All of them occupy a total area of 44,359 sq. kilometres. They range from marine national parks, savannah-bush woodland national parks, mountain national parks, arid and semi-arid national parks, to lake ecosystem national parks/reserves. The ‘big five' can be seen in all the national parks, these are Elephants, Rhinoceros, Buffalos, Lions, and Leopards. These are the five animals people most look forward to seeing as there are become rare species and can only be seen in certain parts of the world. The marine parks are famous for their beautiful coral reefs, coral gardens, beaches and lagoons, brightly patterned coral fishes e.g. Angel fish, Parrot fish, Starfish, Sea urchins, lovely porcelain cowries, Green turtles, Octopus, Dugong and big game fish like Blue marlin, Sail fish, Giant fish, Giant grouper and Marko sharks. Kenya also accommodates the greatest crocodile colony in the world at Sibiloi National Park, and the world's largest number of flamingos at Lake Nakuru National Park. Tourists can also visit Bamburi; this is an old cement works, which has been made into an ecosystem. This transformation would have been successful without the money from tourism, and is now a tourist titration itself. Another popular place for tourists to visit is Mount Kenya, it stands as the highest point in Kenya, and tourists can visit while on safaris. Tourists also enjoy visiting the Masai tribes; they are a group of nomadic herders who move around Kenya to where the rainy season is. They like to perform shows for the tourists for which they receive money. There are also many outdoor activities that people can participate in such as; camel racing, mountaineering, golf safari and white water rafting. However despite the beautiful scenery and excitingly unusual experience tourism is rapidly dropping on Kenya (See graph below). This could be due to the fact that much of the Kenyan wildlife is being destroyed especially by tourists themselves. The Advantages of Tourism * Tourism brings in a lot Kenya's income, as chart 1 shows most of Kenya's income is through services. A big part of these services rely on tourists, this includes things such as hotels, restaurants, entertainment, gift shops as these as things that locals do not usually spend money on. * Many jobs are created for locals in hotels, restaurants and tourist attractions. Many people in Kenya are illiterate (21.83% as shown in the research above) so this gives them opportunities to earn good money without having to do a complicated job. * Tourism can help locals and people of Kenya to try and preserve the area so it will remain attractive to tourists. * Things such as airports, roads, and water and electricity supplies will be improved, this can also benefit the locals as well as the tourists. * Tourism can also mean that local tradition and culture will be preserved in order to keep tourists interested in something new. * Tour operators pay the Maasai tribes people to entertain the tourists, and plus they receive extra money from any tourists who are generous enough to give them tips. * Kenya has become famously known around the world, for its luscious scenery and its wide range of wildlife. * The main people that benefit from tourism are; the service providers and local staff (tour operators, hotel staff, shops selling souvenirs), and tourists themselves as they get to enjoy an excellent holiday. * Local people get some knowledge of other countries, traditions and cultures as people from many different countries visit Kenya (see chart 3). Most locals are not fortunate enough to travel to other countries, so tourism gives them an opportunity to learn about other people. *  The Disadvantages of Tourism * Tourists are a hazard to the natural environment. They cause harms such as footpath and soil erosion, pollution problems caused by litter, noise and waste in rivers and the sea, land is wasted to build road, hotel, airport and luxuries for tourists to enjoy. Tourists leave the country in a mess, which the locals then have to suffer for in the future. The beautiful and peaceful surroundings get ruined which can then cause potential tourism to be affected. * There are only certain seasons where tourists can visit, this is usually summer, and so for the rest of the year many locals are short on work or even out left with no work. The jobs are also of low status and poorly paid, as they are not very skilled jobs, many of the employees have to get more than one job to support their families. * In the national parks tourists demand to see the animals from a close view, this disturbs the animals. * A lot of the money brought in through tourism does not end up helping the country; only 15% of the money spent on a holiday reaches Kenya. * Land is use to build developments on which mean people like farmers, fishermen and small businesses can lose their land and therefore be left without work. * As Kenya is a LEDC it suffers more from tourism than MEDCs because they lack human expertise and money, which makes them less effective than MEDCs. * The local culture may not be preserved but forgotten if locals are more willing to favour towards western tourists than to keep their traditions. They will want to please tourists and change to suit their needs. * Tourists do not respect the traditions and values of the Kenyan people; they can be disrespectful towards the people and towards their beliefs. * The Maasai tribes people have been thrown off their land and only been given a small amount of space to herd their cattle and plant their crops. * The Maasai are also tricked b the tour operators into entertaining for a chap price, although they charge a lot more for tourists to visit them. * Clean water supplies are used up by tourists, leaving only a small amount for locals. * The main people that suffer from the affects of tourism are; locals who feel their authority is not respected by tourists, and the Maasai, who do not get compensated enough for tourists using their land A Solution The problems of tourism can, in some cases, be solved in a way that all people can benefit. The main solution would be to use ‘green tourism' in Kenya. This is where tourism is environmentally friendly. There are many ways of bringing eco-tourism about; these are some of the ways. * There will be a special path for safaris; only certain types of cars can travel on these. * Tourists will not be allowed to walk around the parks, even if they are accompanied. * Tourists must not get too close to the animals or disturb them in any way. * They must not litter or cause any type of pollution. * The Maasai must receive at least half the profit made from any tour operators, and must be paid for the land that it is being used by tourists. * Tourists must respect the traditions and laws of Kenya, this includes being proper dressed at all times and following the rules given to them. * Money made from tourism should go towards paying staff and developing the environment of the country. * Only small parts of the land should be used to development tourism. * The locals should be respected, this means still being able to have a good water supply and not being over-run by tourists. If these needs can be met by both the Kenyan government and the tourists, the tourism will not only help the country's economy but will also preserve the environment. By introducing this type of tourism in Kenya it will help everyone by the following ways. * The environment will be preserved; this will help in the sustainable development of tourism in the country. The animals will be kept safe and unharmed, as well as the greenery and other surroundings. * The locals will benefit because the country can be developed with the income of tourism. * Tourist will be able to enjoy their holiday, while still being able to secure the country for tourism in the future. * The Maasai will be able to get the kind of money they deserve. Conclusion Should tourism be encouraged in Kenya? After analysing many pieces of evidence, it is obvious that tourism plays a large active role in the country's economy. It brings in a lot of the money, however there are many problems concerning this. One of the biggest problems is that the country is getting damaged in the process; this stops the sustainable development of tourism. Another major problem is that tourism is only seasonal, which means that tourism cannot be relied on as the main source of income. Although it can bring in more than most industries and agriculture, it cannot always be successful. One other problem is that is concerning the government is that most of the money spent by foreigners on holidays to Kenya does not actually reach the country itself. However if introducing eco-tourism solves the problem of tourists damaging the environment then everyone can enjoy tourism. The other two problems cannot really be solved drastically, but Kenya can still benefit from tourism. I believe that although Kenya is a good resort for tourism, so it should be encouraged under the rules of ‘green tourism.' In spite of this it is still not consistent throughout the year, which mean Kenya also needs another major source of income. The Kenyan government should use the natural resources found on the land to their advantage, for example they could export the gold, rubies and other precious stones found in the country. This will guarantee them an income when the tourist season is not on.