The Human Rights Of Water And Investment Law - 962 Words

Given these difficulties, it is understandable why previous tribunals in have been reluctant to analyse the relationship between the human rights to water and investment law as a normative conflict, and have instead insisted that the obligations under each norm were not mutually exclusive. However, it is possible for a human rights norm to prevail, as shown by the tribunals in SPP and Chemtura. The respondent government in water grab case should argue BITs should not be interpreted so that a government is made to ignore its human rights obligations once it has entered into a concession with a foreign investor, and as there is no alternative but to reallocate water rights following a water grab, the investment protection norm and right to water are contradictory, and one must prevail. 4.2.2 Interpretation tool Professor Vià ±uales classifies the second approach of tribunals applying human rights law as ‘a tool of interpretation.’ Another way a respondent can argue for the consideration of a human rights norm would be by interpreting investment norms in a way that excludes from the scope of their breach measures aimed at upholding human rights. Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties holds that tribunals must interpret treaty obligations in light of relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties. The tribunal must situate the rules that are being invoked by those concerned in the context of other rules thatShow MoreRelatedThe State Of Emergency958 Words   |  4 PagesIt would be important for the government to underline that it had not contributed to the state of emergency. In the case of a contract that gives unrestricted access to water, or a permit that allows the extraction of water to such a level that amounts to a water grab, it could be argued by the claimant that the government contributed to the emergency. Indeed, the case of Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project demonstrates the difficulty of proving that the state did not contribute to the emergency, when theRead MoreWater Is The Most Important Natural Source1255 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Introduction Water is the most important natural source. There has been activism all over the world to attain governed pricing mechanisms and market transactions due to its mobility and centrality to sustenance of human life. The physical, conceptual, and social plasticity aspects of water as a resource create uncertainty with regard to handling and thus posing critical questions in response to use and management. In the last three-four decades, world’s economic institutions such as World BankRead MoreViolating Its Investment Treaty Obligations942 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to satisfy the necessity requirements, the responding government must demonstrate that violating its investment treaty obligations â€Å"is the only way for the State to safeguard an essential interest against a grave and imminent peril.† Moreover, the breach must not â€Å"seriously impair an essential interest of the State towards which the obligations exists†. In LGE, the tribunal determined that â€Å"economic, financial or those interests related to the protection of the State against any dangerRead MoreThe Clean Power Of The Dominican Republic1524 Words   |  7 PagesThey also plan to build a school to help with overcrowding and to promote corporate social responsibility with the locals. Furthermore, as part of the sales agreement, the seller, Teltac Corporation, has agreed to put in roads , septic systems, and water lines. Teltac, has also informed Clean Power that there should be no problems running these sewer lines directly into the river as the Chavon River is clean and large and can absorb the waste. People in the new community feel that this is cause forRead MoreWater Is The Most Important Natural Source955 Words   |  4 PagesWater is the most important natural source. There has been activism all over the world to attain governed pricing mechanisms and market transactions due to its mobility and centrality to sustenance of human life. The physical, conceptual, and social plasticity aspects of water as a resource create uncertainty with regard to handling and thus posing critical questions in response to use and management. In the last three-four decades, global economic institutions such as the World Bank and InternationalRead MoreWhy Do Chief Executive Officers?1034 Words   |  5 Pagescorporate social responsibility causes conflict between shareholders and stakeholders. Companies must be accountable when their actions adversely affect society. While shareholders provide investment funding to corporations, according to Robert C. Hinkley (2002) corporations cannot make profit at the expense of human rights, the environment, public safety, or employee dignity. By creating a balance between investor responsibility and social responsibility will prove profitable for the corporations andRead MoreA Brief Note On The 21st Century Wars Will Be Fought Over Water Resources1430 Words   |  6 Pageswill be fought over water resources not oil. First, it will analyse the substantial causes of water scarcity as a result of man-made causes, the impact of climate change and the consequences of water misman agement, and evaluate international water law. Then it will evaluate triggers to stress disputes into water war. Finally, this essay will offer concluding thoughts and suggestions for further research. First and foremost; the main causes of water scarcity are made by humans. It will consider factorsRead MoreThe Environmental Quality Act Of California State Laws And Public Policy Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagescould the law and public policy be used to minimize the negative impact(s) of Sample Drought Executive Order 2016? Explain, giving one example of a type of law or public policy. Ans 1. The Drought Executive Order 2016 could have negative impact on the people and the economy. Exemption of agriculturists from order may create a situation of stress between the urban residents and the people in agriculture. The Order can also decline the credibility and the effectiveness of California State Laws. To minimizeRead MoreOpenness And Foreign Direct Investment1446 Words   |  6 PagesOpenness to foreign direct investment. According to The World Bank (n.d.), â€Å"Foreign direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy.† In 2014, the flows of FDI into Qatar reached more than USD 1,040 million See Fig. 1 (â€Å"Qatar Foreign Investment,† 2016). Qatar is exceptionally open to FDI, as its objective is to become a world-classRead MoreOrganizational Implications Of Virtual Teams780 Wor ds   |  4 Pagesteam will have the person form different departments to support those functions. Individual team members can have dual reporting to functional or project manager. Human resource Policies: Organizations has to be changes their rules and policies according to the virtual team environment. Organizations should institutionalized effective human resource policies to support virtual teams. Training and development: Organization need to design special training sessions for virtual team members to operate

Connection Essay - 3268 Words

Daniel O’Brien Connections Essay 2013 A.S. 3.7 ‘Making Connections Across Texts’ Daniel O’Brien ‘Connections Across Texts’ For my connections essay I will be connecting ideas across four texts. The four texts, a mix of self-selected and studied in class, are ‘The Grapes of Wrath’ written by John Steinbeck, ‘Sad Joke on a Marae’ written by Apirana Taylor, ‘Once Were Warriors’ directed by Lee Tamahori and ‘Australia’ directed by Baz Luhrman. I will be linking two ideas throughout my essay. My first connection statement is ‘The loss of Culture and Homeland causes a change in character’ and the second is ‘People in the margins of society are sometimes able to beat the odds when their backs are against the wall. Set†¦show more content†¦He is communicating with the Maori spirits Rewi and Te Rauparaha. He begins by shouting the only Maori words that he knows, â€Å"Tihei Mauriora†. He then goes on to say; â€Å"My name is Tu the freezing worker Ngati D.B. is my tribe, The pub is my marae, My fist is my taiaha, Jail is my home.† This shows that the loss of culture experienced by Tu during his life has caused him to lose his way, and he has come back to his roots to try and fix things. Unfortunately in today’s society culture seems to back a back seat on the scale of importance. Because of this sad face the reality of this poem is true for to many New Zealand people. For Tu, he may never have known much of his true heritage; either by fault of his own or of his upbringing, but the result remains the same. He relies on alcohol, violence and jail as his family, his friends, his sanctuary and choice of weapon (taiaha). This agrees with the statement that ‘The loss of culture and homeland causes a change in character’ as he now lives by the idea that alcohol and the pub is his life, rather than the traditional Maori pride and mana we used to see throughout society in New Zealand. This connects with the idea portrayed in the visual text ‘Once Were Warriors’ directed by Lee Tamahori . In this film, the person who undergoes a change in character due to loss of culture and heritage isShow MoreRelatedMathematical Connection Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesMathematical Connection Mathematics has had an incredible impact on technology as we know it today. Understanding this impact aids in understanding the history of how technology has developed so thoroughly and what significant events happened to facilitate such an advanced society. A better understanding can be derived by analyzing the historical background on the mathematicians, the time periods, and the contributions that affected their society and modern society as well as specific examplesRead MoreEssay On Wireless Connections869 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States are using internet systems. Wireless internet connections can be found in almost every home. This makes access to the net simpler than ever. Consequently, the connection is not always the most reliable. Individuals that play online video games understand wireless connections are not as dependable as a hard wired connection. These WIFI connections tend to become overwhelmed when there are multiple devices sharing the same connection. For this reason, the result will be lagging, bufferingRead MoreThe French Connection Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesThe French Connection Daniel Cabezas CJ 101, Introduction to Criminal Justice Adrian Bordoni October 14, 2010 The French Connection New York City Cops The NYPD is one of the finest law enforcements when it comes to containing drugs, except one, heroin. The business of drugs exponentially grows to new heights every year. Around the early 70’s, heroine was being brought over to the united states at very high rates. New York City was a famous shipping ground for heroine, which made timesRead MoreThe Loss of Connection Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pageswanting to communicate the details of church events to kids and parents, it lacks depth and true connection. Sheer quantity of communication is no substitute for quality connection. By-and-in-large, we have lost the art of quality connection. Even when real connection does happen, it is usually on a peer-to-peer level. Occasionally, a youth worker with a passion for teens will make a long lasting connection, but this is a small percentage compared to the sheer number of teenagers in youth ministriesRead MoreCash Connection Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesCash Connection Payday Loans Strategy, Ethics and Forces 1. What is Cash Connections strategy?   * Differentiate itself from competitors to gain the largest piece of the $40 billion dollars of paid lending that the United States industry has to offer, while adhering to government restrictions and meeting customer’s needs. Reference: Thompson, Peteraf, Gamble, and Strickland. P. (2010). Crafting and Executing Strategy: The Quest For Competitive Advantage Concepts and Cases (18th edRead MorePersuasive Essay On A French Connection1094 Words   |  5 PagesCRITICAL RESPONSE ESSAY Word count: 1073 Andrew Bolt is a controversial political journalist for the Sydney Morning Herald. In his 2016 opinion piece, â€Å"A French Connection is one we cannot trust,† he establishes his stance against Australia’s collaboration with France in a $50 billion submarine deal (Bolt, 2016). Bolt utilises a variety of techniques to convey three main ideas: that the manufacturing of the submarines is temporally impractical; that Australia could be at risk if France has tooRead MoreEssay On Wireless Connections845 Words   |  4 Pagesof America are using internet systems. Wireless internet connections can found in almost every home. This makes access to the net simpler than ever. Consequently, the connection is not always the most reliable. Individuals that play online video games understand wireless connections are not as dependable as a hard wired connection. These WIFI connections tend to become overwhelmed when there are multiple devices sharing the same connection. For this reas on, the result will be lagging, buffering,Read MoreW1 Active Adj14109 Words   |  57 PagesW2 condition n S2, W1 conduct n W3 conduct v W2 conference n S2, W1 confidence n S2, W2 confident adj S3, W3 confine v W3 confirm v S2, W2 conflict n S3, W2 confused adj S3 confusing adj S3 confusion n S3, W3 congratulation n S3 connect v S2, W2 connection n S3, W2 conscious adj S2, W3 consciousness n W3 consent n W3 consequence n S3, W2 consider v S1, W1 considerable adj S3, W1 considerably adv S3 consideration n S2, W2 consist v W3 consistent adj S3, W3 constant adj S3, W3 constantly adv S3, W3Read MoreValuation of Airthread Connections Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagesacquirer. Air Thread Connections (ATC) is one of the options available to be acquired because of ATC owns greater technical resources in wireless service, and it is one of the largest regional wireless companies in the US. This report will analyse the initial valuation of ATC based on discounted cash flow analysis as well as market multiples approach, based on the analyse, it will decide whether the acquisition should be made or not. Body The valuation of Air Thread Connections can be divided intoRead More The Mind-Body Connection Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pages Overview This paper will discuss the mind-body connection and its relevance to health care professionals and to the public. It will explore the history of the mind-body connection, as well as state research that has been done on the subject. The reader will gain an understanding of the various techniques used in mind-body therapy, as well as their effectiveness. What is the Mind-Body Connection? It is the idea that the mind and body are not separate entities. Rather, they are intricately connected

The Garden of Eden

Question: Write a Biblical Exegesis on The Garden of Eden? Answer: Introduction According to the outlook of Schachter (2013), the Genesis (3:1-13) The Garden of Eden deals with The Fall and Banishment from the Garden of Eden of both Adam and Eve. Initially, when Lord created Garden of Edens, then everything was good and perfect. At that time there were no troubles, religion and politics and Lord used to take care of everything. So, Lord thought of creating man and woman and therefore Adam and Eve were the first man and woman created on the Earth. As per mentioned in Genesis 2:18, 23-25, after creation of man and woman God thought of ushering marriage between man and woman (Sweeney, 2012). But God emphasized basically on the 3 kinds of relationship that deals with Unique Personal Relationship between God and Man. In addition to this Lord has also emphasized on the relationship between a man and his wife that will be preceded by other human relationships between them. And lastly God all emphasized on relationship between man and other creations of God that are cre ated under his Sovereignty (Morrow, 2012). Brief Synopsis of the text This assignment will be dealing with the Sin that has been done by the man and woman in the Garden of Even along with the consequences. Moreover the Trust of Man in Lord as well as Gods Deep Love for Mankind and lastly The Fall of the Garden of Eden along with Expulsion from Garden of Eden will also be discussed vividly Bradshaw (2013). The main characters are Lord, Adam, Eve and the Serpent. After creation of man and woman along with the Knowledge Tree which was forbidden by Lord himself to Adam and Eve. Lords love for Mankind From the opinion of Swidler (2011) the Lord created human beings and also gifted Garden of Eden for living along with various kinds of creatures. As the garden was created, it was expected to protect the Garden to the maximum extent. God gave forces to mankind that monitors and ensures the protection of the garden to the maximum extent. Moreover as per commented by Hooker (2014) Lord also created many trees and has given freedom to man in order to have access to all the trees except one. This tree was known as Knowledge Tree that was therefore a serpent deceived the woman to have apple from that tree and feed the man. This led to the devastation and also led to the bonding between God and human beings. Genesis 3:1- 13 The Fall Since Lord has forbidden man and woman to have access to the Knowledge Tree, so the man and woman never eaten fruits of that tree. At that time, from the opinion of Sweeney (2012), the world was a better place to stay and it was free from all kind of politics. Even the Lord has said that the man and woman will be eating the fruits from the Knowledge Tree, they will die. As a result both man and woman never went towards the tree nor had fruits from there for which everything was going accordingly and well controlled. As mentioned by Morrow (2012), the Serpent which was craftier than any other animals that Lord has given deceived Eve. He asked Eve whether Lord has forbidden them to eat fruits from the Garden. Eve replied that Lord has given permission to have fruits from every other tree in the garden except the one that is situated in the middle of the garden. This is because, as per the Lords comment if they are going to eat the fruits of that tree or even touch it that will lead to their death (Hooker, 2014). But the serpent told the woman that they will not die as per the Lords comment, but they themselves will become God and will also know the good and the bad and the difference between them. As per mentioned by Schachter (2013) falling on the trap of the serpent, Eve was totally deceived and ignored the words of Lord. Eve looked at the fruit of the tree and therefore it looked good and pleasing to eye and in order to gain wisdom, she took some of that fruit and the rest part she gave to her husband. The man along with his wife ate it and this resulted in opening of their eyes. Bradshaw (2013) commented on the essential fact that, this resulted in realization that both were naked in front of each other and hence sewed some of the fig leaves in order to cover them up. Soon after that, both the husband and wife listened to the sound of Lord taking a walk in the garden. As per mentioned in the Genesis, both the husband and wife hid behind the tree for not confronting Lord. According to the viewpoint of Swidler (2011), Lord called them up but the man replied that they heard him in the garden and as because they became frightened as because they were naked, so they hid behind the trees. Lord asked him how come he knows that he is naked and then suddenly asked whether he has eaten the fruits from the tree which was specially forbidden by him. In the reply, the man said that the woman with whom the Lord has put him with has given him some fruits from that tree which they both ate (Hooker, 2014). After that the Lord asked the woman regarding what she has done. At this, the woman replied that it was the serpent that deceived her and asked her to eat the apple. After this, from the viewpoint of Bradshaw, (2013), the Lord has cursed the snake and told that among all the animals, the snakes will be crawling on the belly and will be feeding from the dust for the rest of their life. Moreover, Lord also cursed the snake that he will be putting an enmity between snakes and woman and also between their off springs. The snakes head will be crashed and strike at the head and at their heels. According to the viewpoint of Sweeney (2012), the Lord also cursed the man and said that since the listened to his wife and ate the fruit that was forbidden, he will be toiling hard for the rest of his life and will be feeding from the yield of it. After that the Lord supplied to them with the skin garments with which they covered themselves up. After that as per mentioned by Schachter (2013), the Lord even mentioned that the man has also become like Lord and thereby knows the good and the evil. This resulted in the banishing them from the Garden of Eden and therefore as a result the expelled them from re-entering into the garden. As a result, Adam and Eve left the garden with the burden of sin and remorse of their commitment. Conclusion This assignment dealt with the creation of human beings and the other animals by Lord along with the creation of Garden of Eden. The Lord asked them to have fruits from all the trees except one that will be providing knowledge to them. But the woman came into the words of a serpent and had made the mistake of having that fruit by both the husband and wife. This resulted in the opening of their eyes and they realized that they are naked. Even they feared as well as felt shy away from the Lord that resulted in the banishment from The Garden of Eden. References Bradshaw, J. M. (2013). The Tree of Knowledge as the Veil of the Sanctuary. Ascending the Mountain of the Lord: Temple, Praise, and Worship in the Old Testament, 49-65. Schachter, L. (2013). The Garden of Eden as God's First Sanctuary. Jewish Bible Quarterly, 41(2), 73. Swidler, L. (2011). The Garden of Eden Story-Source of Often Mis-Read Wisdom: A Jewish Christian Dialogue. Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 46(2), 143. Sweeney, M. A. (2012). The Good and Evil Serpent: How a Universal Symbol Became Christianized. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, lfr092. Hooker, P. K. (2014). Book review: Inhabiting Eden: Christians, the Bible, and the Ecological Crisis, written by Patricia K. Tull. Horizons in Biblical Theology, 36(1), 91-94. Morrow, J. (2012). Work as Worship in the Garden and the Workshop: Genesis 13, the Feast of St. Josephthe Worker, and Liturgical Hermeneutics. Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture, 15(4), 159-178.

Analysis of Childhood Obesity London Borough of Enfield †Sample

Question: Describe about rationale and critique of the interventions to handle the issue? Answer: Introduction: The issue of obesity is a major concern in almost all the developed countries across the world, considered as the most serious health challenge for 21st century by WHO (World Health Organization). Studies by National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) show around 19.2% children of the age group 10-11 years were obese and 14.6% were overweight in 2013/14 in England (Noo.org.uk, 2015). Around 9.6% of children were obese and 13.2% were overweight in age group 4-5 years. The London Borough of Enfield depicts high levels of obese children. Incidence of child poverty, teenage pregnancy and infant mortality makes the childhood obesity a major concern over this place (Apho.org.uk, 2015). The current essay identifies the urban health issue of childhood obesity with the relevant causes and effects on the society along with the urban health advantages. The essay provides with the information regarding the relevant measures existing in London Borough of Enfield (LBE) to handle the issue of childhood obesity and analyze their effectiveness as per the challenges and outcomes. The essay concludes by shedding light on the ways to a more effective handling of the childhood obesity problem in LBE. The relevant suggestions and identified implications for policies and practices in context of handling the urban health issues intends to provide a sound knowledge of the childhood obesity issues and its better handling measures to control this growing concern in the health system of UK. Rationale: In England, around 28% of children in the age group 2 to 15 years reflect overweight or obesity by the reports of Health Survey for England (HSE) (Noo.org.uk, 2015). Studies reveal 27.3% children in the primary schools and 24.7% of children in secondary schools to recieve Free School Meals in 2012 in LBE. The LBE depicts 13.7% reception pupils to be obese, which is nmuch higher than 11.2% in London and 9.6% in England. Several newspapers also identifies the fact that around 1 in 10 children in the age group of 5 years is obese with a third of the primary school children are overweight by the time they reach the end of school (Donnelly, 2014). Research depicts 27% children in the primary school in London Borough of Southwark were obese, which is again higher to the 11% children in Richmond upon Thames. Studies identify a high concentration of fast food outlets in the east of the Borough, where the incidence of obesity is also quiet high. The south-east of the LBE reveals highest rate of obesity in the reception pupils (Haringey.gov.uk, 2015). Researches found out that the other 6 wards on eastern side of the LBE border reflects the rise of obesity rates towards 30%. These 6 wards include Lower Edmonton Jubilee, Enfield Highway, Edmonton Green, Ponders End and Enfield Lock. LBE also depicts 21.7% of the population as less than 16 years of age. It is the largest proportion of children prevailing among the boroughs in the North London. The rates of children is forecasted to increase with the increasing birth rate of LBE. As per the view of Singh et al. (2010), childhood poverty has a very close relation to childhood obesity. The LBE showing a high rate of childhood poverty with more than 50% people living in poverty indicates a high-risk area for childhood obesity. As stated by O'Dowd (2009), the development of obesity in children increases the risk of serious health problems in future stages of life. It includes morbid conditions as type 2 diabetes, cancer and heart diseases due to high cholesterol and blood pressure (BP). The health risks also comprise of fatty liver disease, joint problems (osteoarthritis), early puberty, and infertility, breathing problems as obstructive sleep apnoea, asthma, iron deficiency, vitamin D deficiency and gallstones. Puhl and Latner (2007) pinpointed on the psychological effects that obesity has on the childrens health. Since, the childhood is the most essential stage of development both physically and mentally, so the psychological detriments of obesity is evident as low self-esteem, lack of confidence, social seclusion and even depression in some severe cases. This essay provides insights on the eminent adverse effects of childhood obesity identifying the serious detrimental risk to which it exposes the future generation and overall health status. According to Langwith (2013), the early detection of the issue of overweight or obesity in childhood enable the reversing and prevention of health challenges in the later stages. The low rate of breastfeeding in Britain is highlighted as a major reason, giving rise to childhood obesity. Researches reveal that the number of women breastfeeding for six months is less than 1 in 5. The higher levels of proteins in the bottle feeds than in breast milk accounts for the protection of children from weight gain. Not only the adverse health issues but also the nation incurs huge losses in productivity and high expense of medical treatment due to obesity issues (Algazy et al. 2010). However, LBE depicts a high rate of breastfeeding incidence thus preventing a major contributing factor to childhood obesity. Urbanization is identified as a force driving the transition of energy balance thus underpinning the epidemic of obesity. Reilly (2007) asserted the view that higher rates of urbanization induce higher obesogenic pressure on the population. Urbanization leads to the prevalence of an obesogenic environment affecting the energy intake and expenditure by the individuals. Availability and access to food on the go that increases with urbanization lead to an increase in overconsumption. The poor availability of high quality healthy food at affordable price in the low-income neighborhoods of LBE depicts high association with poor diet and obesity (Currie-McGhee, 2012). It is an indication that the childhood obesity is a major urban health problem in LBE. In the research conducted by Rice and Rice (2009), the urban health penalty takes place due to the rapid growth of cities with diverse population, high density of transport network due to globalisation, division of socio-economic groups resulting in high density socio-economic activities and low concentration of socio-ecnomic families adds to the rise of urban health penalty. Evidences of unhealthy conditions of larger cities in compare to the rural areas in Europe provides support to the concept of higher health issue experienced by urban populations (Goodfellow and Northstone, 2008). The poor urban dwellers in LBE are at a higher risk of health issues. It is evidenced in studies by Freudenberg (2015) that the larger cities emerging due to globalization and urbanization, concentrate the poor people and raises their exposure to the unhealthy social and physical environments. Lack of adequate healthy food at affordable prices, social conception of accessing the processed foods, parent al failure to maintain the childs healthy weight, etc evident in the LBE acts as the factors leading to increasing incidence of childhood obesity. The urban environment leads to development of health inequalities. In addition to it, the low socio-economic status, deprivation, marginalization and urban vulnerability contributes to the negative health outcomes. It leads to unhealthy lifestyles, inappropriate food consumption habits, inaccessibility to healthy foods, that causes obesity in children (White, 2009). As seen in the LBE, increasing interest to acquire fincial strength drives the adults towards a major focus on financial gains as highering the income by working more. This leads to a decreased focus on the children detrimenting their health. Thus, the low socio-economic status acts as a major factor in contributing to development of childhood obesity in the urban areas as LBE. It is seen that mainly the children in the age group of 5 to 11 years depicts the maximum incdence of obesity in LBE. As per the view of Tzou and Chu (2012), one of the main reasons for development of childhood obesity is the parental negligence to the childs food consumption. With majority of parents in LBE working and leading an unhealthy lifestyle themselves, they unconciously drives the child towards an unhealthy lifestyle. It is evident from the increasing number of fast food outlets in the east of LBE. The children are drawn towards consumption of sugary foods with high calories. It leads to the issue of childhood obesity among the children in this group. This is also responsible for development serious co-morbid conditions as type 2 diabetes and higher level of cardiovascular diseases (Uusitupa et al. 2011). As per the reports of the study conducted by NCMP (National Child Measurement Programme) measuring the height and weight of the school children identifies a 3rd of the 10-11 years old children depicting obesity and overweight. In London Borough of Enfiled (LBE), studies reveal 13.7% obese children in reception, which is quite high compared to 11.2% across London and 9.6% across England. It is the 3rd highest rate of childhood obesity in London following Hackney and Barking Dagenham (Enfield.gov.uk, 2015). Other studies indicate a rapid and huge rise in obesity in the age group of 7 and 11 years. UK is identified as the place with the highest obesity prevalnece level in Europe (Harding, 2015). The imbalance between the amount of input energy and expenditure of energy is the major cause of obesity. Of the various contributing factors adding to the incidence of obesity in children, dietary habits is the prime one. White (2007) identified a growing cohort of children with development of unfavorable eating habits. Foods containing high amount of fats and carbohydrate content adds to the obesity. The failure of restrictive measures to the fast food location outlets in LBE by the public health interventions adds to the development of this unhealthy food habit. It thus fails to decrease the fast food consumption among people and children in the surroundings (2014). In addition to the absence of dietary modifications, the lack of adequate level of physical exercise adds to the development of obesity in children. Schobersberger (2013) criticises the decline in the level of compulsory sports. The activity programme in school implemented with the intension of promoting physical exercise depicts very little influence on the BMIs (Body Mass Index) of the children that indicates the level of overweight or obesity. Another prime factor leading to obesity is the deprivation of sleep. It is associated with the low level of physical exercise. Youngstedt (2007) asserted that lower level or absence of physical activities or exercise leads to poor sleep. The importance of the hormones leptin and ghrelin are of vital significance in this respect. Leptin hormone secreated by the fat cells informs the brain about the filled up state of the fat stores in body. On the other hand, stomach release the ghrelin hormone that act as a signal for hunger. A higher level of ghrelin and lower level of leptin is evident in individuals with little sleep. It encouarges the person towards overconsumption of food leading to obesity or overweight. Genetic contribution acts as a prime factor leading to obesity. Obesity in parents increases the risk of obesity in children due to genetic predisposition to obesity. Studies conducted on the LBE reveals a close link between childhood obesity and the prevailing socio-economic situation. Public Health England Child Obesity factsheets indicate a linear relationship among deprivation and prevalence of obesity (McLoone and Morrison, 2012). The education of the parents also emerge as an important factor adding to the increase in obesity of the children. The reports of the Millenium Cohort Study identifies 25% children obese and 14% overweight in houses with both parents lacking education. The houses with at least one educated parent depicts 15% children obese and 15% overweight. Another study highlighted the children residing in middle-affluent regions revealing highest probability of obesity due to activities like snacking between meals (Pearlman Hougie, 2010). Donnelly (2014) identified the children in the age group of 11-15 years at the maximum risk of obesity, espeially those living in obesogenic environment due to extreme urbanisation. It is seen to increase the child moratlity rate as well as the adult mortality rate in LBE due to morbid health conditions that arise due to obesity as diabetes and heart diseases (Walter et al. 2009). It not only affects the children and people but also the overall health cost of the UK government because in England the NHS (National Health Service) executes the maintenance of health system across the country (Chinitz, 2011). A better status of the health indicators in urban areas of LBE compared to that in the rural areas and a better faring of the urban poor than the rural poor indicates the providence of urban health advantages in cities. Kasper et al. (2014) believed that the socio-economic heterogeneity benefits the disadvantaged urban residents by bringing in health care and education at a higher accessibility level. The high level of social support with greater social cohesion in association with positive health outcomes is another urban health advantage. The wealthier individuals in the urban society of LBE are seen to provide support to the neighbours in need of healthcare. The dense social networks in urban areas provide with a wider option of supports. Freudenberg et al. (2010) put forward the view that the cities are capable of providing more access to the lifes necessities as nutritional and healthy foods, more opportunities for physical activities as fitness centres and better health awarene ss programmes. It enable rhe effective handling and control of the health issue of childhood obesity. It is evident through the studies revealing a higher consumption in the levels of fruits and fresh vegetables in urban areas of LBE, which is an indicator of a good eating habit that restricts obesity and overweight in the population. Chinitz (2011) opined the presence of a conducive environment to health in cities. A higher encouragement of activities as walking is productive towards the handling of the issue of obesity in adults that indirectly decreases the chances of exposing children to the risk of obesity due to parental obesity development and ill habits. The large numbers of open spacesb and parks established in LBE are clear evidences proving the health advantage by providing and encouraging the children towards participating in higher level of physical activities. From the results derived by the surveys, it is evident that a major urban health advantage is the achievement of support for the low-income residents of the urban neighbourhoods for overcoming the concerning health burdens. Through political mobilisation and more social movements, urbanisation enables the attraction of higher amount of resources for healthcare. According to Dilani and Sia (2014), in terms of housing standards, public health inf rastructure establishment and public education improvement, the cities as London Borough of Enfield seems to precede the non-urban areas. It can be conceptualised that the disadvantaged population in urban areas are acore area of concern depicting high incidences of childhood obesity. However, the urban health advantages contributes adequately towards achievement of the goal for better health improvement. Critique of the interventions to handle the issue: Simple methods as changes in lifestyle like inclusion of a healthier diet, encouraging children towards physical activities and involvement of the family to support the children in tackling the issue of obesity are quiet effective interventions to handle the childhood obesity issue. Public health interventions as policies restricting the locations of the fast food outlets seems to fail in moving the presence of the large number of fast food centres in the East Borough of London. As per the view of Goodfellow and Northstone (2008), long-term actions executed by a range of partners is effective in obesity handling. The council in the London Borough of Enfield (LBE) devised the strategy of Health Weight Strategy in 2009, updated in 2011 as per need of the corresponding situation. It aims at directing the children of LBE towards a healthy diet and suitable lifestyle (Enfield.gov.uk, 2015). However, even after implementation of the strategy, the rates of childhood obesity in LBE depicts a high level. Therefore, it can be said that the strategy is not quiet effective in lowering the obesity rate. Keegan (2011) highlighted the lack of adequate resources as a major challenge in implementing the strategy. Addressing the needs of the people in the LBE appropriately requiring a close collaboration of the communities and local organisations is a major challenge as well due to the varying needs of the people across the Borough. The childhood obesity prevention interventions of government as promoting healthy eating and active lifestye culture encouraging the children at a young age in schools with improvemets in physical activity facilities are expected to improve the issue of obesity in children. However, it involves quiet a considerable amount of expense. The childhood obesity programmes as Eat Better Move More by the charity The Gifted works in the primary schools in LBE is found to efficiently aware the children about health benefits of healthy eating and encourage them towards appropriate dietary habits (Creativetraininghub.co.uk, 2015). The working with the Renown Care, Mencap in Redbridge and Oasis Academy in the LBE is effective enough to deliver a healthy eating programme. The programme involves a 6-week schedule including 4 workshops for healthy eating promotion among children and parents/carers, a cook school on Saturdays and a creative workshop for events as interactive performing arts and crafts encouraging the participants for engaging in these events (Creativetraininghub.co.uk, 2015). It is found that Fun with Food is efficient in promoting healthy eating activities among children and people at the LBE in 2013-13. Other than these the gvernment policies as Healthy Lives, Healthy People: Our strategy for public health in England (2010) are effective in responding to the eminent challenges of health inequality tackling in LBE and across England (Lho.org.uk, 2015). Through a national wellness service the government shifts power to the local communities thus enabling the better understanding and relevant execution of the necessary activities to handle health inequalities in the locality. As asserted by Chinitz (2011), it enables a better handling of the objective to prevent childhood obesity as the health inequalities are closely related to inidence of obesity in the children. Recommendations and Conclusions: The study thus highlights the major urban health problems as correct understanding of the causes for childhood obesity and ways to eradicate them in the area. The local authority can conduct an extensive survey of the community at LBE. It will identify the reasons for the emergence of the problem of childhood obesity. This enable the strategizing of the most appropriate measures to prevent the reasons thus avoiding the health isuue from the core. The city cuncil needs to participate actively in enabling the enforcement of these measures. Although the currently prevailing child obesity prevention programmes possess adequate number of activities to promote the spreading of health awareness among parents, carers and children regarding obesity, yet a higher focus on the children can prove beneficial. A genral dietary plan can be attractive to one child while another may resist it strongly. Same is true for the encouraging activities to involve children in the programmes. Therefore individual focus on the children to provide them with a diet relevant to their preferences can be more effective in driving the children towards a healthier diet and lifestyle. This can be done by combining the childs parents, school ad carers opinion while framing the healthy physical activities and diet routine for the child. The issue of low educational level of parents and poor access to healthy food options for the children by the people of low socio-economic status can be resolved by arranging mass awareness campaigns involving the local community services with the support of the wealthy and concerned population in the LBE area. It involves the utilisation of the urban health advantage as the urban people depicts more interest towards better socio-environment welfare as it will improve their social health as well. It will attract more businesses and organisations to come to the area and conduct business as a greater number of affordable crowd is present in those areas. The government and the local authorities can establish a joint collaborative project to provide access to healthy foods by the urban disadvantaged people. If the business stakeholders and organisations are asked to sell the quality healthy food products at a lower price to the disadvantaged people and in return they will get the license to operate their business by opening stores in the urban area where the wealthier massess can buy from these stores, it will be beneficial for everyone. It will also enable the addressing of the issue of financial overload on the urban disadvantaged population thus preventing the negligence to their childrens health. Thus it can be concluded from the study that the issue of childhood obesity is gaining momentum rapidly in the current times. The LBE depicted to possess one of the highest rate of childhood obesity due to factors as low parental eductaion, health inequalities, high concentration of fast food stores and policies failing to change their locations. Several interventions as childhood obesity prevention programes, strategies and plans and frmaeworks are implemented to tackle this issue. Although some programs seem to act effectively but more focus on considering the exact needs of the people with correct identification of the reasons for the issues is highy essential. References Annunziato, R., Calogero, R. and Sysko, R. (2014). Addressing Obesity in Special Populations. Journal of Obesity, 2014, pp.1-2. Apho.org.uk, (2015).Public Health Observatories - Area: Enfield LB. [online] Available at: https://www.apho.org.uk/resource/item.aspx?RID=50273 [Accessed 16 May 2015] Chinitz, D. (2011). Health Care in World Cities: New York, Paris, and London. JAMA, 305(9), p.942. Creativetraininghub.co.uk, (2015). Projects. [online] Available at: https://www.creativetraininghub.co.uk/project/ [Accessed 14 May 2015]. Currie-McGhee, L. (2012). Childhood obesity. Detroit, MI: Lucent Books. Dilani, A. and Sia, A. (2014). Designing the Urban Physical Environment for Better Health: New Understandings of Health. CITYGREEN:Nature Health in Cities, 01(09), p.134. Donnelly, L. (2014). Warning over rising child obesity. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/11271032/Warning-over-rising-child-obesity.html [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Enfield.gov.uk, (2015). Childhood Obesity - Enfield Health and Wellbeing. [online] Available at: https://www.enfield.gov.uk/healthandwellbeing/childhoodobesity [Accessed 14 May 2015]. Freudenberg N, e. (2015). Beyond urban penalty and urban sprawl: back to living conditions as the focus of urban health. - PubMed - NCBI. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15751595 [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Freudenberg, N., Libman, K. and OKeefe, E. (2010). A Tale of Two ObesCities: The Role of Municipal Governance in Reducing Childhood Obesity in New York City and London. J Urban Health, 87(5), pp.755-770. Goodfellow, S. and Northstone, K. (2008). Childhood overweight and obesity in the UK a comparison of two environmentally distinct populations of 7-year-old children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 3(2), pp.117-119. Harding, D. (2015). Obesity in Children. Obesity and Overweight children. | Patient.co.uk. [online] Patient.co.uk. Available at: https://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/obesity-in-children [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Haringey.gov.uk, (2015). Childhood Obesity | Haringey Council. [online] Available at: https://www.haringey.gov.uk/social-care-and-health/health/joint-strategic-needs-assessment/health-mothers-children-and-young-people/childhood-obesity [Accessed 13 May 2015]. Janjua, N., Mahmood, B., Islam, M. and Goldenberg, R. (2012). Maternal and Early Childhood Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity among Low-Income Predominantly Black Children at Age Five Years: A Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Obesity, 2012, pp.1-9. Jwa, S., Fujiwara, T. and Kondo, N. (2014). Latent protective effects of breastfeeding on late childhood overweight and obesity: A nationwide prospective study. Obesity, 22(6), pp.1527-1537. Kasper, N., Herrn, O. and Villamor, E. (2014). Obesity prevalence in Colombian adults is increasing fastest in lower socio-economic status groups and urban residents: results from two nationally representative surveys. Public Health Nutrition, 17(11), pp.2398-2406. Keegan, F. (2011). Implementing a G3 community-based, childhood obesity preventionOPAL in local Communities. Obesity Research Clinical Practice, 5, pp.52-53. Langwith, J. (2013). Childhood obesity. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Lawrence, R. (2010). Does Breastfeeding Protect Against Overweight and Obesity in Children? A Review. Childhood Obesity (Formerly Obesity and Weight Management), 6(4), pp.193-197. Lho.org.uk, (2015). LHO : Health Inequalities. [online] Available at: https://www.lho.org.uk/LHO_Topics/National_Lead_Areas/HealthInequalitiesOverview.aspx [Accessed 14 May 2015]. McLoone, P. and Morrison, D. (2012). Risk of child obesity from parental obesity: analysis of repeat national cross-sectional surveys. The European Journal of Public Health, 24(2), pp.186-190. Noo.org.uk, (2015). Child Obesity :: Public Health England Obesity Knowledge and Intelligence team. [online] Available at: https://www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity/child_obesity [Accessed 13 May 2015]. O'Dowd, A. (2009). Sedentary lifestyle could be masking serious health problems in children. BMJ, 339(dec29 3), pp.b5646-b5646. Pearlman Hougie, D. (2010). Can Family Outdoor Recreation Help Reconnect Children with the Outdoors? Affluent Middle Childhood Perspectives of Outdoor Recreation in the UK. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 2(3). Puhl, R. and Latner, J. (2007). Stigma, obesity, and the health of the nation's children. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), pp.557-580. Reilly, J. (2007). Childhood Obesity: An Overview. Children Society, 21(5), pp.390-396. Rice, J. and Rice, J. (2009). The Concentration of Disadvantage and the Rise of an Urban Penalty: Urban Slum Prevalence and the Social Production of Health Inequalities in the Developing Countries. International Journal of Health Services, 39(4), pp.749-770. Satterthwaite, D. (2011). Editorial: Why is urban health so poor even in many successful cities?. Environment and Urbanization, 23(1), pp.5-11. Schobersberger, W. (2013). Regular physical exercise: evidence for health benefits in OSA patients?. Sleep Breath, 17(3), pp.903-904. Singh, G. K., Siahpush, M., and Kogan, M. D. (2010). Neighborhood socioeconomic conditions, built environments, and childhood obesity.Health affairs,29(3), 503-512 Tzou, I. and Chu, N. (2012). Parental influence on childhood obesity: A review. Health, 04(12), pp.1464-1470. Uusitupa, M., Tuomilehto, J. and Puska, P. (2011). Are we really active in the prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes at the community level?. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 21(5), pp.380-389. Youngstedt, S. (2007). S20.C Acute and adaptive effects of physical exercise on sleep. Sleep Medicine, 8, p.S25